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Biomedical subjects

M Mallaret

Publications and source records attributed to M Mallaret.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Stomatitis and ageusia induced by candesartan].

Cases of dysgeusia or ageusia have been reported in patients treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonist such as losartan (5 cases), valsartan (1 case), eprosartan (1 case). This is the first case-report of ageusia following candesartan. A 46-year-old-male patient, with a medical history of renal chronic reject allograft disease, started candesartan 4 mg once daily to treat high blood pressure. Six months later, a progressive ageusia occurred with a burning mouth syndrome. He also developed aphthous ulcers of the mouth, stomatitis and perleche, which led him to lose 8 kilos within 13 months. Thirteen months after the beginning of the treatment candesartan was stopped. The symptoms and lesions required 2 to 3 weeks to disappear. Subsequently, appetite was found again as well as the sense of taste. The temporal sequence of events suggests a causal relationship between ageusia and candesartan.

Ageusia↗
PubMed2003

Toxicity of the Clitocybe amoenolens mushroom in the rat.

Ingestion of Clitocybe amoenolens, a mushroom collected in Savoie (France), induced erythermalgia in 5 patients. To assess C. amoenolens toxicity, increasing doses were given randomly to 4 rats corresponding to 1 to 25 fold the dose eaten by the most severely poisoned patient. The 2 rats receiving the highest doses had loss of bodyweight, locomotor disability and erythema of the toes. Examination of sciatic nerves showed decreased axon density and neuronal fiber degeneration. Oral administration of C. amoenolens to rats led to lesions that might be explained by the presence of acromelic acid A, a kainate analogue.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

[New Level III opioids of the World Health Organization].

PURPOSE: The new opioids and the new galenic forms, now available in France, require an update in practitioners' knowledge. The purpose of the present study is to help those prescribing select the appropriate opioid and its galenic form for pain relief. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: Presentation of pharmacological properties of opioids (mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and pharmacovigilance). Presentation of indications, modes of prescription and use of main opioids for pain (especially cancer pain). Examples for calculating required drug dosage depending on the clinical situation and the route of administration. Symptomatic treatments of the main undesirable side effects of the opioids, and actions to be taken in the event of accidental overdose. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: Oral morphine is the treatment first recommended for nociceptive pain insufficiently relieved by WHO level I and II analgesics. The new immediate-release galenic forms allow morphine titration and the treatment of breakthrough pain. Transmucosal fentanyl, soon available in France, is recommended for breakthrough pain in patients already under opioid treatment: it gives more rapid relied starting after only 5 minutes and it only acts for a short time. Transdermal fentanyl is indicated for stable cancer pain. It is particularly suitable when oral and injectable morphine routes are not available, or for patients with severe constipation. Hydromorphone is the first opioid recommended in France for severe cancer pain when morphine resistance exists or uncontrolled side effects are present (opioid rotation). The new opioids and the new galenic forms widen the range of therapeutic possibilities. Their use is well codified for cancer pain and must still undergo clinical trials for chronic non-cancer pain. When correctly indicated, opioid selection provides a considerable advance in pain management.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and animal models].

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects cortical, bulbar and spinal motoneurones. The cause of the disease, probably due to several factors, is still unknown and the survival delay of patients with ALS generally does not exceed 3-5 years. Animals models provide a unique opportunity to study pathological features and to evaluate potential therapeutic effects of news treatments. Natural disease models, neurotoxins or viral-induced models and more recently transgenic models with genetic anomalies mimicking those found in ALS patients have been extensively studied. This review summarizes the most relevant clinical and pathological advances issuing from these animal studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Bromide poisoning and false hyperchloremia].

A 36-year-old female patient was admitted at three different times for neuropsychiatric disorders. No diagnoses were made during the first two hospital stays. A pseudohyperchloraemia allowed the diagnosis of bromide poisoning during her third hospital stay. Chloraemia was measured over 16 days by potentiometric, colorimetric and coulometric methods, in order to assess the analytical interferences caused by bromides. Results are reported and discussed. Bromide poisoning was treated by saline diuresis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in rats: common antitussives--different behavioural profiles.

Dextromethorphan (DM), a widely used and well-tolerated centrally acting antitussive, has been tested in several clinical trials for its antiepileptic and neuroprotective properties. However, the use of DM in these new clinical indications requires higher doses than antitussive doses, which may therefore induce phencyclidine (PCP)-like side-effects (memory and psychotomimetic disturbances) through its metabolic conversion to the active metabolite dextrorphan (DX), a more potent PCP-like non-competitive antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor than DM. Thus, we compared the behavioural effects in rats of intraperitoneal administration of DM and DX on motor activity in an open field and on learning and memory in the Morris water maze. DM (20, 30, 40 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in both locomotion and stereotyped behaviour with a slight ataxia for the highest dose. DX (20, 30, 40 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotion and stereotypies (swaying, turning) with moderate ataxia. Assessments of learning and memory were performed with lower doses of DM (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) and DX (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) because of motivational deficits (40 mg/kg of DM, 20-40 mg/kg of DX) and motor disorders (30, 40 mg/kg of DX) in the cue learning procedure. DX (10, 15 mg/kg) impaired spatial learning with a long-lasting effect for the highest dose whereas 5 mg/kg of DX and DM (10-30 mg/kg) did not. Only 15 mg/kg of DX appeared to slightly impair working memory. DM (10-30 mg/kg) and DX (5-15 mg/kg) did not impair reference memory. Thus, the two antitussives DM and DX induced different behavioural effects suggesting sedative effects for DM and PCP-like effects for DX. However, PCP-like side-effects with DM remain possible through its metabolic conversion to DX, with very high doses and/or in extensive metabolizers and/or in aged subjects prone to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the identification of DM metabolism phenotype, an adapted prescription and a pharmacological modulation of the DM metabolism may avoid adverse effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan as a preventive treatment of soman toxicity in mice.

Phencyclidine-like drugs are effective against convulsions and brain lesions related to soman intoxication but induce severe side effects. The well tolerated antitussive dextromethorphan (DM) and its metabolite dextrorphan (DX) have antiepileptic and neuroprotective properties that we evaluated in mice against 2 LD50 of soman in a three-drug pretreatment (atropine sulfate and oxime HI-6 plus DM: 20-50 mg/kg or DX: 10-40 mg/kg i.p). Neuroprotection was evaluated by measurement of hippocampal omega 3 binding site density. DM and DX have weak anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities which are counterbalanced at high doses by an increased mortality due to respiratory distress for DM and by ataxia for DX. Thus DM and DX do not appear to be appropriate for the pretreatment of soman intoxication.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1995

[Neuropsychic side-effects of therapeutic doses of zipeprol]].

We report the two first cases of neuropsychic side-effects with zipeprol (non opiate antitussive) given at therapeutic doses. In both cases, the patients showed confusion, whereas, hallucinations occurred only in one case. The anticholinergic activity of zipeprol might explain these effects. These two cases are in agreement with zipeprol central nervous system action.

Antitussive Agents↗
PubMed1995

Discriminative stimulus properties of dextromethorphan in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate dextromethorphan (DM, 30 mg/kg, ip) from saline using a standard two-lever, fixed ratio 10, food reinforcement procedure. The DM-saline discrimination was acquired, and a range of doses of DM produced a dose-related generalization to the DM-lever choice. Stimulus generalization tests were conducted with dextrorphan, an active metabolite of DM, and with drugs selected from different pharmacological families. Dextrorphan induced a full generalization to DM, but only at a dose higher than the DM training dose. Morphine, a mu opiate receptors agonist, and U 50488, a kappa opiate receptors agonist, failed to substitute for DM. Cyclazocine, a benzomorphan derivative, with high affinity for sigma receptors, was able to produce a complete generalization to DM, without a change in the number of rats responding. Dizocilpine (MK 801), a phencyclidine-like drug, produced a complete generalization, but only at a dose that markedly reduced the number of rats responding. Carbetapentane and caramiphen, antitussive drugs with high affinity for the 'specific DM receptors', failed to substitute for DM. These results show that the discriminative stimulus of DM, did not result primarily from its metabolism to dextrorphan; and the discriminative stimulus properties of DM appear to more closely resemble those of cyclazocine than those of the other drugs tested. This suggests a role of sigma receptors in the mediation of the DM stimulus. These experimental data are discussed with reference to the cyclazocine-like subjective effects produced in man by large doses of DM.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1994

Venous sinus thrombosis associated with androgens in a healthy young man.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is rare and can be promoted by various conditions. We report the case of cerebral venous thrombosis in a patient using androgens. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 31-year-old man using androgens for bodybuilding was admitted for headache and vomiting. He had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, but extensive examinations did not reveal any known cause. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that androgens may promote cerebral venous thrombosis. The mechanisms of venous thrombosis related to androgens may be platelet activation or an increase in coagulation factors. Because androgen use may be frequent and hidden in athletes, it may be an underestimated cause of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the young.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Antagonism of metergoline on the diuretic effect of cyclazocine and U-50488 drugs with a kappa agonist activity.

In rats receiving a normal saline load of 2.5 ml/100 g, sc, (moderately hydrated rats), injections of the serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, metergoline (0.25-1-4 mg/kg), resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the urine output induced by a dose of 8 mg/kg of cyclazocine (a benzomorphan derivative, mixed kappa and sigma agonist) at the 2-h time period. The antagonist effect of metergoline (1 mg/kg) on cyclazocine doses ranging from 0.25 to 8 mg/kg, was observed only at 2 mg/kg higher doses. Other 5-HT receptor blockers, methysergide, pizotifen, cyproheptadine, caused a significant degree of antagonism. In rats receiving a saline load and a water load of 5.5 ml/100 g, ip (hyperhydrated rats), metergoline (1 mg/kg) completely antagonized the diuretic effect of cyclazocine (8 mg/kg) at the 4-h and 5-h time periods. Similarly, metergoline (1 and 4 mg/kg) administered in moderately hydrated rats, markedly decreased at the 2-h time period, the urine output produced by 5 mg/kg of U-50488 (a non benzomorphan derivative, highly selective kappa agonist), and in hyperhydrated rats, completely suppressed, at the 4-h and 5-h time periods the drug-induced diuresis. Metergoline administered alone had no effect on urine output in moderately hydrated rats or in hyperhydrated rats. These results suggest the hypothesis that 5-HT may be involved in the complex mechanisms of kappa agonist-induced diuresis in rats.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1992

[Thrombosis, immunology and drugs].

Diagnosis of thrombopenia due to heparin in sometimes false. We present a case with venous thrombosis in whom the suspicion of thrombopenia induced by heparin finally proved to be a quinidine induced lupus. Related to this observation we emphasise the importance of immunological investigation in patient with venous thrombosis.

Diagnosis, Differential↗