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Biomedical subjects

M Markarian

Publications and source records attributed to M Markarian.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Demonstration of a reovirus in helicopter disease of broilers].

A reovirus was isolated from 5-13-day-old broiler birds with signs of the so-called helicopter disease--one of the forms of the malabsorption syndrome. A number of organs were investigated (trachea, liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, proventricular stomach, and tendon sheath of musculus gastrocnemius). The virus was isolated from the proventricular stomach and the tendon sheath in cell cultures of chick embryo kidney as well as in 5-7-day-old chick embryos inoculated in the yolk sac. The remaining organs proved virologically negative. All organs, including the primarily positive ones, were shown to be virologically negative upon the inoculation of chick embryo fibroblast cultures and of chorioallantoic membranes of 10-11-day-old chick embryos. The isolate was identified as an avian reovirus, and was denoted with the initials R-85--on the grounds of its biologic and physico-chemical properties, of its morphology (negative-contrast electron microscopy), and of its morphogenesis (ultrathin electron-microscopic cross sections). Investigated were the histopathologic changes in chick embryos inoculated with the R-85 reovirus and the pathologic changes in the liver of spontaneously affected birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Diagnostic value of symptoms in chick embryo pathology].

The diagnostic significance (quantitative value, weight) of the symptoms in a broad sense (pathologicoanatomic, clinical, laboratory and other data) in the diseases of the bird embryo was studied. On the basis of a complex of criteria an expert rating from 1 to 4 to 342 symptoms in 58 diseases of the bird embryo was given. The interpretation of the symptoms which are evaluated, gives an opportunity for a more precise diagnosis in comparison with the classical method, in which the symptoms are not evaluated. The quantitative exactness of the diagnostic significance according to the 4th rating scale represents an important precondition for developing algorithms, planning and computerizing of the diagnostic process in the diseases of the bird embryo.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

[Rapid method for determining the drug resistance of gram-negative bacteria].

Comparative studies led to the working out of a new diffusion indicative method for the rapid determination of drug sensitivity in Gram-negative bacteria. It is a modification of the diffusion method, consisting in the use of an indicator medium, bromothymol blue in glucose agar, instead of the meat peptone agar or other routinely employed nutritive media. The new method makes it possible to record rapidly the drug sensitivity of bacteria--only for 4-6 hours (compared with 24 hours with the conventional method). Besides, the new method is readily applicable, precise, distinctive and rapid.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Causes of death in chicks in the 1st days after hatching].

Scientific and productional experiments and complex investigations were carried out on breeding eggs, chick embryos, newly hatched birds, and ecologic habitats of two broiler dressing combines. It was found that the basic reasons for the morbidity and mortality of chicks in the first days following hatching were: the eggs chosen for hatching were of a lower biologic value due to deficient feeding (1); the veterinary, sanitary, and hygiene requirements with regard to the production, shipping, storing, and hatching of breeding eggs were overlooked (2); the little birds were offered feed mixtures of low value, along with admission of other drawback in their feeding (3); during the first days of raising the birds were kept at lower temperatures and lower relative humidity on the premises.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

[Rapid method for the simultaneous determination of bacterial urease and phenylalanine desaminase].

Tested was an accelerated method for the evaluation of urease and phenylalanine desaminase of a total of 327 strains of E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. braenderup, S. tennessee, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Citrobacter that were subjected to a preliminary identification with routine methods. It was established that the method tested had the following advantages as compared to the classical methods employed up to then in the laboratory practice: --100% positive results were obtained up to the 4th hour, i. e. the method appeared 6 times more rapid, and the overall result was obtained one day earlier; --the two enzymes were studied simultaneously; --the expenditures in connection with the use of nutrient medium per one test were several times lower. Suggested is the timely adoption of the accelerated method in the laboratory practice.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1983

[Intrauterine bacterial and mycotic infections in cows].

Bacteriologic, mycologic, and serologic investigations of cows and calves and three experiments with rabbits were carried out to shed light on the bacteriology and mycology of the intrauterine infections in cows. The following organisms were isolated from the investigated cows that exhibited disturbances in their reproduction, and had abortions, or gave birth to calves that were affected with diseases or died: Escherichia coli (17.84%), association of bacteria (7.64%); Vibrio genitalis (3.86%); Streptococcus sp. (2.78%); moulds (2.54%); Staphylococcus aureus (2.20%); Proteus sp. (1.62%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.39%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.39%); Pasteurella multocida (0.11%). The serologic investigation of a total of 231 blood samples from cows that miscarried, gave birth to dead calves, or failed to conceive revealed that in 15.58 per cent there was vibriosis, and in 6.06 per cent--leptospirosis. Demonstrated was the etiologic link between cows with reproductive disturbances and diseased calves with regard to vibriosis and leptospirosis. The tests with rabbits were indicative of bacterial carriers (with special reference to the genitalia) up to the 60th day following infection. There were abortions, sterility, and death cases and the birth of unviable bunnies in the case of reproduced coital infections with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1978

[Type and frequency of malformations in chick embryos].

Studied were histopathologically 7421 chick embryos of eggs at the end of the incubation period, originating from flocks raised under industrial technology. Established were a total of 39 deformities that involved all body parts in 6.28% of the studied embryos. First in number ranked the malformations of the legs and feet (curved legs and feet micromelia, achondroplasia), followed by head deformities (acrania), etc. Most of the affected embryos were single (simple), however, double ones (connected) were also encountered; 64.6% of them had one defect only, 29.9% had two defects, and the remaining 5.2% had three defects and more. Age-associated limits of the affected embryos ranked within the 15-21-day range.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Vitality of newly hatched chicks].

Comprehensive morphologic, hematologic, biochemical, clinical, bacteriological and bacteriostatic investigations were carried out with newly hatched birds with and without visible pathologic deviations. It was found that birds of lower vitality were characterized by lower motor activity; weak response to external stimuli; lacking or weak pecking reflex; small, dull, and deep slightly moving or immobile eyes, with eyelids partially or fully covering the eyes; soft, colorless bill, empty crop, enlarged and stiff abdomen, imcompletely closed navel; the down being short, thin, lacking in brilliancy pigment, and density, wet and dirty; the birds having lower body weight and lower temperature, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, total protein, blood sugar, pseudoeosinophil, and eosine values; higher lymphocyte, basophile, and monocyte values; with enlarged gallbladder containing darkcolored and dense bile; the digestive viscera having lower volume; the gizzard with a dark-colored cuticle; dark intestinal content; enlarged residual yoke persisting for five days and more; inadequate adaptability to stress factors; higher death rate. It is concluded that the lack of vitality or the presence of weakness (Debilitas vitae) is diagnostically important so far as the health status of newly hatched birds is concerned. Debilitas vitae is expressed by atypical pathologic deviations and inadequate adaptability in view of the environmental conditions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Radionuclide imaging of airway obstruction following assisted ventilation.

Radioaerosol lung scintigraphy was performed in five infants in whom obstructive airway complications developed following assisted ventilation. These studies suggest that a primary functional defect was obstruction to airflow at the level of the major airways, which occurred during expiration. Perfusion lung scintigraphy showed areas of diminished or redistributed pulmonary blood flow, which, like the results of the radioaerosol scintigraphic studies, are findings often associated with adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1976

[Epizootiological and parasitological status of the flocks at a poultry combine].

A comprehensive epizootiologic study has been carried out at one of the large poultry dressing combines in this country. Results have shown that the part played by infections as against the remaining diseases established in the various technologic categories is as follows: 9 to 23.8 per cent in growing parents; 16.0 to 24.6 per cent in adult parents; and 4.8 to 13.4 per cent in broilers. So far as parasitic diseases are concerned the respective figures are 3.2 to 9.9 per cent, 3.0 to 3.3. per cent, and 2.9 to 3.0 to per cent. The import of birds from France and England intended for satisfying the needs of the poultry dressing combine in Roussé has contributed to the introduction of infections which have later on assumed an epizootic course, such as infections encephalomyelitis, infectious bronchitis, and Marek' disease. The epizootic status has been aggravated with the development of a number of diseases already existing in this country--fowl pox, lymphoid leukosis, chronic respiratory disease, salmonellosis, and above all infections caused by the so-called occasionally pathogenic agents--coli organisms, staphylococci, and Pseudomonas. Of the parasitic diseases only coccidiosis has developed, being caused by a variety of species: Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria muvati and Eimeria tenella. The absence of helminth infections is due to the routinely adopted technological practice of raising birds in confinement and the strict veterinary control and guard. On the basis of the results obtained and the conclusions drawn some more effective prophylactic measures are suggested correcting and supplementing the existing prophylactic programme.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Study of the pathogenicity and drug sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from poultry].

Studied were the pathogenicity and drug sensitivity of a total of 64 Staphylococcus strains isolated from chickens and chick embryos. A high per cent value of coincidence was established between the tests of positive plasma-coagulase reaction, hemolysis, golden-yellow pigment production, glucose-positive reaction in anaerobiosis and the lethal sequela following the experimental infection of young chickens and albino mice. The complex use of these tests proved to be a dependable criterion of pathogenicity. Most of the Staphylococcus strains were shown to be strongly and moderately sensitive to kanamycin gallimycin, oximycin, chloramphenicol, and persistent to oxitetracyclin.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Diagnostic scheme of the causes of embryonal morbidity in poultry].

A diagnostic scheme has been worked out to reveal the factors causing higher embryonic morbidity and mortality rates in birds. It is based on the morphologic analysis and the bacteriologic and mycologic studies, and can be programmed and put into effect in three stages in the course of 48 hours. On the one hand, the post-mortem analysis is useful in establishing the factors of noninfectious character (overheating, insufficient heating, humidity of low or high values, poor air exchange, improper egg position, insufficient air velocity, improper and continuous storage of eggs, deficiency and hereditary diseases). In such cases the scheme provides a special table displaying the correspondence between the morphologic changes and some possible reasons of embryonic mortality, coded from "A" to "K". On the other hand, the bacteriologic and mycologic investigations are helpful in establishing the factors of infectious character (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and other Salmonellae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, etc.).

Air Movements↗
PubMed1975

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa--the causative agent of infection in birds].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the viscera of diseased and dead birds (young and adult chickens) as well as from 9 poultry houses on seven farms. Its typing was performed on the basis of the blue-green coloration of the cultures, their hemolytic activity, the pleasant odour of lime-tree, the growth in culturing at 42 degrees C, the presence of the pyocianin pigment, and the positive results of the cytochromoxidase test after Gaby and Hadley and the biochemical test after Kovacs. The pathogenicity of the agent was demonstrated through the experimental parenteral infection of chicks, albino mice, and guinea pigs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures showed weak sensitivity and good resistance to the various drugs tested. Most active proved streptomycin, kanamycin, and spectam.

Ampicillin↗