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Biomedical subjects

M Maynard

Publications and source records attributed to M Maynard.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Survival analysis to explore the characteristics of employee assistance program (EAP) referrals that remain employed.

This study examined characteristics of referrals to employee assistance programs (EAP) associated with subsequent termination of employment. As well, relationships between characteristics of the referrals and program characteristics were explored. Longitudinal data were collected at several time periods for 163 referrals to EAPs from five organizations. Survival analysis was conducted to determine which variables were associated with termination of employment. Females, cohabitating couples, and employees who worked for the organization for 5 or more years were most likely to remain employed. One interesting finding was that people with alcohol problems were significantly more likely to be formal referrals.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Dermal penetration of avermectin B1a in the rhesus monkey.

Forearms of rhesus monkeys were treated with [3H]avermectin B1a in three different vehicles and concentrations so that the penetration of avermectin B1a through skin could be determined. In order to simulate exposure of farm workers, such as mixer-loaders, applicators, and harvesters, to this pesticide, avermectin B1a was applied to the forearms of the monkeys as an emulsifiable concentrate (300 micrograms/monkey), a diluted emulsifiable concentrate (4.5 micrograms/monkey), and as a suspension in water (216 micrograms/monkey). After 1 or 10 hr of exposure, the treatment area was washed. The levels of radioactivity were determined in the urine, feces, plasma, and wash. On the basis of the amounts of radioactivity excreted in the urine and feces and the levels of radioactivity in the plasma after dermal application compared to those found after intravenous administration of the compound, less than 1% of the doses was absorbed. These data indicate that avermectin B1a would not readily penetrate the skin of farm workers exposed to it. Therefore, the hazard to farm workers exposed to this compound would be substantially mitigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Patterns of sexual behavior and condom use in a cohort of homosexual men.

To measure the magnitude of risk reduction within a cohort of homosexual men, questionnaire responses in April 1984-March 1985 were compared to those in October 1986-September 1987. A total of 361 subjects were eligible (231 seronegative, 130 seropositive). The annual number of sex partners declined significantly from a median of 8.0 to 5.0 with no difference between the serologic groups. The number of subjects reporting no receptive anal intercourse increased as did condom use during anal receptive intercourse. More seronegatives than seropositives subjects reported no condom use during receptive anal intercourse with regular partners (45.7 per cent versus 23.4 per cent), and with casual partners (14.9 per cent versus 1.5% percent). Among subjects with the most casual sexual contact at the second visit, 33.3 per cent of seronegatives and 29.2 per cent of seropositives did not report usual condom use during receptive anal intercourse with casual partners. Although we have documented marked risk reductions, safe sex practices are still not universal, and a few individuals continue to put themselves at extremely high risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study: 6. HIV seroconversion in a cohort of homosexual men.

In an ongoing prospective study of homosexual men conducted since November 1982 in Vancouver, we identified 345 men who did not have antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the time of enrolment and for whom results of follow-up serologic testing were available. A total of 66 cases of seroconversion were documented among the 345 men between November 1982 and October 1985. Methods of survival data analysis that take into account the varying durations of follow-up were used to study the epidemiologic features of seroconversion in this group. The probability of seroconversion during the entire observation period was 23.1%. The seroconversion rates remained stable, at 10.5% and 10.0% during the last 2 years of the observation period. Cox regression analysis revealed the following variables to be independently associated with risk of seroconversion: frequent receptive anal intercourse, elevated number of male sexual partners in the year before enrolment, use of illicit drugs, a history of gonorrhea and age less than 30 years in November 1982. Multivariate analysis failed to reveal any role of oral sexual activity in the transmission of HIV. Oral ingestion of semen was not associated with seroconversion in either univariate or multivariate analysis. The observation that younger men were more likely to seroconvert suggests that young homosexual men were less likely than older men to modify their sexual behaviour.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Effect of interleukin-1 on intracellular concentration of sodium, calcium, and potassium in 70Z/3 cells.

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to induce the differentiation of a murine pre-B like cell line 70Z/3. An early intracellular event caused by exposure to IL-1 is an amiloride-sensitive progressive rise in the total concentration of intracellular sodium ([Na]i), caused by influx of Na+ from outside, and a transient fall in total intracellular calcium. The results suggest that IL-1-induced influx of Na+ into 70Z/3 occurs via stimulation of the Na+/H+ antiport. IL-1-induced differentiation is also blocked by amiloride suggesting that stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange may play a role in IL-1-induced differentiation.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1986

Diagnostic utility of lymphocyte subset analysis in AIDS case finding.

Abnormalities of lymphocyte subsets, especially low absolute number of helper T cells, are characteristically present in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Similar abnormalities can be found in patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and, to a lesser degree, in asymptomatic people who have been exposed to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Nevertheless, there appears to be a widespread perception that lymphocyte subset analysis may be useful in AIDS case finding within high-risk groups. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of absolute number of helper T cells and ratio of helper to suppressor T cells in 33 patients with AIDS, 43 patients with PGL who had been referred for lymph node biopsy, 90 patients with PGL and 195 male homosexual controls. At conventional cutoff levels the tests did not appear to revise the probability of AIDS upward to any clinically significant degree when the pretest probability of AIDS was low. Lymphocyte subset analysis does not appear to be a cost-effective method of AIDS case finding in identified groups at risk in which the prevalence of AIDS is low.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Health promotion through employee assistance programs: a role for occupational therapists.

Health promotion is predicted to have a major impact on occupational therapy practice. Keeping people well and promoting a healthy life-style will be the focus for the future. Many companies and agencies are taking the lead by instituting employee assistance programs (EAPs). With the de-emphasis on long-term hospital care, many occupational therapists will be seeking employment with community health programs. This paper advocates a role for occupational therapists in health promotion and disease prevention in an EAP. A description of EAPs and the contributions that occupational therapists can make to these programs is offered. Practice and education considerations for occupational therapists' roles in EAPs are provided.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1985

The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study: 3. Relation of HTLV-III seropositivity, immune status and lymphadenopathy.

In a study of 394 homosexual men recruited at the primary care level the prevalence of antibody to human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) was higher among those with lymph node enlargement than among controls. The degree of abnormal immune function, as shown by abnormalities in immunoglobulin levels, immune complex activity and T-lymphocyte subsets, was correlated with the extent of lymphadenopathy. A similar pattern of immunologic abnormality was associated with seropositivity for HTLV-III antibody. However, HTLV-III seropositivity was the major determinant of immune function after adjustment for lymph node status. The results suggest that the immune dysfunction seen in patients with lymphadenopathy is due for the most part to the high prevalence of HTLV-III seropositivity in these populations. Lymphadenopathy, in many subjects, may in fact represent a physical sign of a stabilized compensated homeostatic host response. Factors responsible for severe immune decompensation associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) may best be sought by prospective study of HTLV-III seropositive asymptomatic patients or those with stable persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and relatively normal immune function.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence and control of hypertension in an Ontario county.

A survey of a representative population sample was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and control of hypertension in Middlesex County, Ontario. Of the 3067 subjects selected 2735 completed the initial interview. If the diastolic blood pressure was greater than 89 mm Hg in three readings, up to two further visits were made. The prevalence rate of hypertension in the sample was estimated to be 115/1000. Only 5.1% of the hypertensive subjects were unaware of their condition, and 5.4% were aware but not receiving treatment. In 16.9% the hypertension was treated but uncontrolled, while in 72.6% it was treated and controlled. The prevalence rate was significantly higher in the older subjects (p less than 0.0001). Control was better in the women and the older subjects. The results indicate that physicians in Middlesex County are detecting and treating most patients with hypertension; screening programs are thus not needed. Control of hypertension could be further improved by determining why the condition in those receiving treatment is not being controlled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cytokine effects on a B-cell line.

The murine pre-B-like cell line, 70Z /3, has been shown to undergo differentiation in response to supernatants derived from concanavalin-A (Con A) stimulated rat spleen cells or ultraviolet light treated P388D1 macrophage cell line. After culture for 24 h with supernatant factors, normally membrane IgM negative 70Z /3 cells are induced to synthesize light chain and become high level membrane IgM expressors . The cytokine (s) responsible for inducing 70Z /3 cells to differentiate is different from interleukin-2 (IL-2), B-cell growth factor (BCGF), colony-stimulating factor (CSF) I and II, but one of the cytokines is either very similar or identical to interleukin-1 (IL-1). These results demonstrate that IL-1 or a molecule with very similar physical properties can act directly on a B-cell line and thus probably also on normal B cells to influence differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ureterovesical reflux in an adolescent and adult population.

The records and radiographic data on 177 adolescents and adults with vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. The anatomic characteristics of 255 renal units and ureterovesical junctions were characterized using criteria reported previously. A total of 125 renal units demonstrated grades III to V reflux (International). Abnormal ureteral orifices were observed in 145 renal units and 155 submucosal tunnels were short or absent. Excretory urograms outlined renal scars in 192 renal units. Pre-treatment and post-treatment creatinine clearances were analyzed in 188 renal units. Ureteral reconstruction resulted in stabilization or improvement in the mean creatinine levels in 53 renal units. Other forms of surgical and medical treatment also resulted in improved renal function during observation.

Adolescent↗