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Biomedical subjects

M McClung

Publications and source records attributed to M McClung.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Assessment of bone status using speed of sound at multiple anatomical sites.

Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a valid tool for the assessment of bone status. Current QUS methods using the transmission technique are limited to one peripheral bone site. A new system, Sunlight Omnisense (Omnisense, Sunlight Medical Ltd., Rehovot, Israel), measures speed of sound (SOS, in m/s) along the surface of the bone based on an axial transmission technique. The Omnisense can measure SOS at several anatomical sites. This study evaluated the SOS at different anatomical sites in a healthy population. A total of 334 adult women from three research centers in the USA and Canada with a mean (+/- SD) age of 48.8 (+/- 17.4) years were enrolled in this study. SOS was measured at the proximal third phalanx, distal one third radius, midshaft tibia, and fifth metatarsal. The mean SOS (+/- SD) values for the phalanx, radius, tibia and metatarsal were 3984 (+/- 221), 4087 (+/- 147), 3893 (+/- 150) and 3690 (+/- 246) m/s, respectively. Each anatomical site SOS was significantly different (p < 0.001) from that of the other sites. SOS at the different anatomical sites was modestly, but significantly, correlated (r = 0.31 to 0.56, p < 0.001). Similar correlation coefficients were obtained for the T scores. The mean T scores for subjects over the age of 60 years were -1.94, -2.01, -0.97 and -1.42 for the phalanx, radius, tibia and metatarsal, respectively. The age of peak SOS and the rate of change thereafter varied with anatomical site, implying that the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was site-dependent if only one T score cut-off point was used. Comparing individuals, 10% to 17% of patients had T scores that differed by more than a factor of 2 between sites. Weight and age were some of the contributing factors to this heterogeneity. The Omnisense provides an opportunity to assess bone status at different anatomical sites. Whether or not combining measurements from all these anatomical sites will improve osteoporosis management still needs to be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prevention of bone loss with tibolone in postmenopausal women: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding studies.

Tibolone, a novel compound with tissue-specific effects, has been found to have antiresorptive properties in bone. To confirm the efficacy of tibolone and determine its minimum effective dose for prevention of bone loss in early postmenopausal women, two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding studies were performed. Seven hundred seventy healthy women postmenopausal within 1-4 yr, with normal bone density for their age, were treated for 2 yr with 0.3, 0.625, 1.25, or 2.5 mg tibolone daily or placebo. All subjects took supplemental calcium carbonate (500 mg daily). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and right proximal femur was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for up to 2 yr. At each dose level, except the lowest (0.3 mg), tibolone produced a progressive increase in lumbar spine and total hip BMD over the 2-yr treatment period; at 0.3 mg, total hip density was maintained. However, only the doses 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg produced a progressive increase in femoral neck BMD. The differences in mean percent change from baseline in spine and total hip density were significant (P < 0.05) for all tibolone dose groups compared with placebo at all time points. Tibolone was well tolerated, with a similar overall incidence of adverse events compared with placebo. Tibolone 1.25 mg per day is recommended because it shows a positive and statistically significant change in BMD of spine and femoral neck.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Effect of alendronate and MK-677 (a growth hormone secretagogue), individually and in combination, on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.

GH increases bone turnover and stimulates osteoblast activity. We hypothesized that administration of MK-677, an orally active GH secretagogue, together with alendronate, a potent inhibitor of bone resorption, would maintain a higher bone formation rate relative to that seen with alendronate alone, thereby generating greater enhancement of bone mineral density (BMD) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. We determined the individual and combined effects of MK-677 and alendronate administration on insulin-like growth factor I levels and biochemical markers of bone formation (osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) and resorption [urinary N-telopeptide cross-links (NTx)] for 12 months and BMD for 18 months. In a multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, 18-month study, 292 women (64-85 yr old) with low femoral neck BMD were randomly assigned in a 3:3:1:1 ratio to 1 of 4 daily treatment groups for 12 months: MK-677 (25 mg) plus alendronate (10 mg); alendronate (10 mg); MK-677 (25 mg); or a double dummy placebo. Patients who received MK-677 alone or placebo through month 12 received MK-677 (25 mg) plus alendronate (10 mg) from months 12-18. All other patients remained on their assigned therapy. All patients received 500 mg/day calcium. The primary results, except for BMD, are provided for month 12. MK-677, with or without alendronate, increased insulin-like growth factor I levels from baseline (39% and 45%; P < 0.05 vs. placebo). MK-677 increased osteocalcin and urinary NTx by 22% and 41%, on the average, respectively (P < 0.05 vs. placebo). MK-677 and alendronate mitigated the reduction in bone formation compared with alendronate alone based on mean relative changes in serum osteocalcin (-40% vs. -54%; P < 0.05, combination vs. alendronate) and reduced the effect of alendronate on resorption (NTx) as well (-52% vs. -61%; P < 0.05, combination vs. alendronate). MK-677 plus alendronate increased BMD at the femoral neck (4.2% vs. 2.5% for alendronate; P < 0.05). However, similar enhancement was not seen with MK-677 plus alendronate in BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip, or total body compared with alendronate alone. GH-mediated side effects were noted in the groups receiving MK-677, although adverse events resulting in discontinuation from the study were relatively infrequent. In conclusion, the anabolic effect of GH, as produced through the GH secretagogue MK-677, attenuated the indirect suppressive effect of alendronate on bone formation, but did not translate into significant increases in BMD at sites other than the femoral neck. Although the femoral neck is an important site for fracture prevention, the lack of enhancement in bone mass at other sites compared with that seen with alendronate alone is a concern when weighed against the potential side effects of enhanced GH secretion.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Multisite bone ultrasound measurement on North American female reference population.

The Sunlight Omnisense is a portable quantitative ultrasound device that measures speed of sound (SOS) at multiple skeletal sites and therefore has the potential to provide a more complete assessment of an individual's overall fracture risk than single-site measurements such as the calcaneus. To provide a robust normative female database, 545 healthy Caucasian women ages 20-90 were recruited at five centers across North America. SOS measurements were obtained from the distal one-third radius, proximal third phalanx, midshaft tibia, and fifth metatarsal. The results demonstrate that peak SOS occurs around the age of 40, with maximum mean values of 4161, 3928, 3786, and 4092 m/s seen at the radius, tibia, metatarsal, and phalanx, respectively. Maximal rate of decline of SOS was seen in the decade following menopause (-12.4, -9.2, -12.1, and -18.8 m/s at the radius, tibia, metatarsal, and phalanx, respectively). Reproducibility between successive measurements indicates high precision, with standardized coefficients of variance ranging between 1.5 and 4.5%. Greatest precision was seen at the metatarsal. Further work is required to clarify the biologic significance of multisite SOS measurements and their use in the assessment of fracture risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Excretion of sweat and urine pyridinoline crosslinks in healthy controls and subjects with established metabolic bone disease.

Convenient techniques for measuring rates of bone turnover have been developed in recent years with the advent of biochemical markers of bone metabolism. One recent of these techniques is a collection method and quantitative enzyme immunoassay for free pyridinoline crosslinks in human sweat. The concentrations of pyridinoline crosslinks in 5-day sweat collections and first morning void and 24-hour urine collections from healthy subjects and subjects with established metabolic bone disorders were determined. T-scores were higher in the sweat system than in the urine system by up to 10-fold in postmenopausal subjects, women with hyperparathyroidism, and subjects with postmenopausal osteoporosis. For subjects with postmenopausal osteoporosis, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis yielded areas under the curve of 0.699, 0.629, and 0.520 for sweat pyridinoline, first morning void urine pyridinoline, and 24 hour urine pyridinoline respectively. The areas under the curve of the sweat and first morning void urine measurements were significantly greater (p<0.05) than the 24-hour pyridinoline measurements. Healthy postmenopausal subjects and subjects with postmenopausal osteoporosis were monitored before and during estrogen replacement therapy or alendronate therapy. Sweat pyridinoline values declined by 49.0 +/- 12.4% and 19.4 +/- 19.9% for estrogen and alendronate subjects respectively. We conclude that this non-invasive technique is a sensitive and specific measure of bone resorption and is appropriate as an adjunct to techniques such as bone density and may also be useful in monitoring of response to anti-resorptive therapies.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Review of risedronate in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Risedronate (Actonel, Procter & Gamble and Aventis) is a novel, orally administered pyridinyl bisphosphonate. Preclinical studies have shown that risedronate is a potent inhibitor of osteoclasts. Risedronate inhibited bone resorption and increased bone density in the spine and hip. Prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) have demonstrated that risedronate decreased the risk of vertebral fractures by up to 49% and of non-vertebral fractures by up to 39% over 3 years in postmenopausal women with one or more prevalent vertebral fractures. This reduction of the risk for vertebral fractures was significant from the first year of treatment (risk reduction up to 65%). Risedronate was the first bisphosphonate to be studied in a large RCT with prevention of hip fracture as the primary end point. In this study, risedronate reduced the risk of hip fracture by 40% in elderly women with low hip bone density and one clinical risk factor for hip fracture and by 60% in women with low bone density and a prevalent vertebral fracture at baseline. Risedronate was also effective in the prevention and treatment of bone loss in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO), with a positive effect on vertebral fractures within the first year. Risedronate was well-tolerated with a safety profile comparable to placebo in all clinical studies. Patients with a previous or current history of upper GI illness or who were taking NSAIDs or aspirin were not excluded from these studies. Importantly, the upper GI safety profile of risedronate was shown to be similar to that of placebo in endoscopic studies. There was no evidence of acute-phase reactions or primary mineralisation defects. The most appropriate dose of risedronate was 5 mg/day.

Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Pharmacologic therapy for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.

Clinicians have an expanding menu of attractive pharmacologic options for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal and age-related osteoporosis. Moreover, there exists excellent data from well-designed clinical trials documenting the effectiveness and tolerability of these therapies. Bone loss can be prevented in postmenopausal women of any age. Fracture risk can be reduced substantially in men and women with previous vertebral fractures or bone density values consistent with osteoporosis. It is clear that therapy is warranted in patients at high fracture risk. Important clinical challenges include devising effective strategies to identify those patients for whom treatment is indicated and to enhance both the accepting and long-term adherence to therapy by patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Relation between body composition and biochemical markers of bone turnover among early postmenopausal women.

We studied the associations between body composition and biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption among 1600 postmenopausal women, ages 45-59. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the independent associations of fat mass, muscle strength (quadriceps strength), height, and whole body bone mineral content (BMC) with biochemical markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin) and resorption (urinary type I collagen crosslinked N-telopeptides [NTX]). Per interquartile range (IQR) (the difference between 75th and 25th percentiles) increase in fat mass and whole body BMC, the mean levels of osteocalcin decreased by 3% and 13%, respectively; NTX decreased by 5 and 21%. Fat mass and whole-body BMC were also significantly associated with decreases in the average of osteocalcin and NTX Z-scores. By contrast, the mean levels of serum osteocalcin increased by 2 and 11%, respectively, per IQR increase in muscle strength and height; NTX increased by 4 (not significant) and 14%, respectively. Both muscle strength and height were significantly associated with increases in the average Z-scores. These exploratory analyses suggest that fat mass and whole-body BMC were associated with decreased bone turnover, while muscle strength and height were associated with increased bone turnover.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Therapeutic equivalence of alendronate 70 mg once-weekly and alendronate 10 mg daily in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate Once-Weekly Study Group.

Dosing convenience is a key element in the effective management of any chronic disease, and is particularly important in the long-term management of osteoporosis. Less frequent dosing with any medication may enhance compliance, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of therapy. Animal data support the rationale that once-weekly dosing with alendronate 70 mg (7 times the daily oral treatment dose) could provide similar efficacy to daily dosing with alendronate 10 mg due to its long duration of effect in bone. In addition, dog studies suggest that the potential for esophageal irritation, observed with daily oral bisphosphonates, may be substantially reduced with once-weekly dosing. This dosing regimen would provide patients with increased convenience and would be likely to enhance patient compliance. We compared the efficacy and safety of treatment with oral once-weekly alendronate 70 mg (N=519), twice-weekly alendronate 35 mg (N=369), and daily alendronate 10 mg (N=370) in a one-year, double-blind, multicenter study of postmenopausal women (ages 42 to 95) with osteoporosis (bone mineral density [BMD] of either lumbar spine or femoral neck at least 2.5 SDs below peak premenopausal mean, or prior vertebral or hip fracture). The primary efficacy endpoint was the comparability of increases in lumbar spine BMD, using strict pre-defined equivalence criteria. Secondary endpoints included changes in BMD at the hip and total body and rate of bone turnover, as assessed by biochemical markers. Both of the new regimens fully satisfied the equivalence criteria relative to daily therapy. Mean increases in lumbar spine BMD at 12 months were: 5.1% (95% CI 4.8, 5.4) in the 70 mg once-weekly group, 5.2% (4.9, 5.6) in the 35 mg twice-weekly group, and 5.4% (5.0, 5.8) in the 10 mg daily treatment group. Increases in BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, and total body were similar for the three dosing regimens. All three treatment groups similarly reduced biochemical markers of bone resorption (urinary N-telopeptides of type I collagen) and bone formation (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) into the middle of the premenopausal reference range. All treatment regimens were well tolerated with a similar incidence of upper GI adverse experiences. There were fewer serious upper GI adverse experiences and a trend toward a lower incidence of esophageal events in the once-weekly dosing group compared to the daily dosing group. These data are consistent with preclinical animal models, and suggest that once-weekly dosing has the potential for improved upper GI tolerability. Clinical fractures, captured as adverse experiences, were similar among the groups. We conclude that the alendronate 70 mg once-weekly dosing regimen will provide patients with a more convenient, therapeutically equivalent alternative to daily dosing, and may enhance compliance and long-term persistence with therapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Monitoring of alendronate treatment and prediction of effect on bone mass by biochemical markers in the early postmenopausal intervention cohort study.

To establish whether biochemical markers could be used to monitor alendronate (ALN) treatment and predict long-term response in bone mass, we used results from an ongoing, randomized trial of ALN treatment for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis (n = 1202). In women treated with ALN (5 mg), change from baseline at month 6 in urine N-telopeptide cross-links of type I collagen (NTX) and osteocalcin (OC) correlated with change from baseline at month 24 in spine, hip, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) [r = -0.28 to -0.31 (NTX) and r = -0.16 to -0.25 (OC), P<0.001]. This corresponded to a 4- to 5-fold greater increase at month 24 in BMD in the tertiles, with the greatest decrease at month 6 in NTX or OC. In women treated with ALN (5 mg) who had a change at month 24 in spine BMD of at least 0%, 86% (NTX) and 79% (OC) had a decrease at month 6 of at least 40% (NTX) or 20% (OC) (sensitivity). The corresponding specificities were 48% (NTX) and 53% (OC). In conclusion, change at month 6 in NTX and OC, in groups of women treated with ALN, indicated the numeric long-term response in BMD within these groups. In individual women, a decrease at month 6, in NTX or OC below the cut-point, validly identified women who responded, on ALN treatment, with a stabilization or an increase in bone mass. However, lack of decrease below the cut-point in NTX or OC could not be used to identify women with a bone loss during ALN treatment.

Alendronate↗
PubMed1999

Low body mass index is an important risk factor for low bone mass and increased bone loss in early postmenopausal women. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort (EPIC) study group.

Thinness (low percentage of body fat, low body mass index [BMI], or low body weight) was evaluated as a risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD) or increased bone loss in a randomized trial of alendronate for prevention of osteoporosis in recently postmenopausal women with normal bone mass (n = 1609). The 2-year data from the placebo group were used (n = 417). Percentage of body fat, BMI, and body weight were correlated with baseline BMD (r = -0. 13 to -0.43, p < 0.01) and 2-year bone loss (r = -0.14 to -0.19, p < 0.01). Women in the lowest tertiles of percentage of body fat or BMI had up to 12% lower BMD at baseline and a more than 2-fold higher 2-year bone loss as compared with women in the highest tertiles (p </= 0.004). Women with a lower percentage of body fat or BMI had higher baseline levels of urine N-telopeptide cross-links (r = -0.24 to -0.31, p < 0.0001) and serum osteocalcin (r = -0.12 to -0.15, p < 0.01). To determine if the magnitude of treatment effect of alendronate was dependent on these risk factors, the group treated with 5 mg of alendronate was included (n = 403). There were no associations between fat mass parameters and response to alendronate treatment, which indicated that risk of low bone mass and increased bone loss caused by thinness could be compensated by alendronate treatment. In conclusion, thinness is an important risk factor for low bone mass and increased bone loss in postmenopausal women. Because the response to alendronate treatment is independent of fat mass parameters, prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis can be equally achieved in thinner and heavier women.

Alendronate↗
PubMed1999

Results of special studies with alendronate.

Major Phase III studies were planned to address basic issues regarding the effectiveness and safety of alendronate. However, 3 special studies were designed to provide information regarding the effectiveness and safety of alendronate therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis that complement the result of the large Phase III osteoporosis trials, addressing the duration of the drug's antiresorptive effect after withdrawal of therapy, the effects of alendronate therapy in more elderly subjects and a comparison of alendronate with another treatment for osteoporosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Prevention of bone loss with alendronate in postmenopausal women under 60 years of age. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Estrogen-replacement therapy prevents osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by inhibiting bone resorption, but the balance between its long-term risks and benefits remains unclear. Whether other antiresorptive therapies can prevent osteoporosis in these women is also not clear. METHODS: We studied the effect of 2.5 mg or 5 mg of alendronate per day or placebo on bone mineral density in 1174 postmenopausal women under 60 years of age. An additional 435 women who were prepared to receive a combination of estrogen and progestin were randomly assigned to one of the above treatments or open-label estrogen-progestin. The main outcome measure was the change in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, hip, distal forearm, and total body measured annually for two years by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The women who received placebo lost bone mineral density at all measured sites, whereas the women treated with 5 mg of alendronate daily had a mean (+/-SE) increase in bone mineral density of 3.5+/-0.2 percent at the lumbar spine, 1.9+/-0.1 percent at the hip, and 0.7+/-0.1 percent for the total body (all P<0.001). Women treated with 2.5 mg of alendronate daily had smaller increases in bone mineral density. Alendronate did not increase bone mineral density of the forearm, but it slowed the loss. The responses to estrogen-progestin were 1 to 2 percentage points greater than those to the 5-mg dose of alendronate. Alendronate was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to that of placebo or estrogen-progestin. CONCLUSIONS: Alendronate prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women under 60 years of age to nearly the same extent as estrogen-progestin.

Alendronate↗
PubMed1998

Alendronate prevents postmenopausal bone loss in women without osteoporosis. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Alendronate Osteoporosis Prevention Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Preventing bone loss associated with menopause and aging and maintaining the normal micro-architecture of bone provide important opportunities for the prevention of osteoporosis and fractures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of alendronate, an aminobisphosphonate, for preventing postmenopausal bone loss. DESIGN: 3-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: 15 osteoporosis centers throughout the world. PARTICIPANTS: 447 women who had recently experienced menopause (6 to 36 months before study entry). INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to one of five regimens: oral placebo; oral alendronate, 1, 5, or 10 mg/d; or oral alendronate, 20 mg/d for 2 years followed by placebo during the third year (20/0 mg/d). MEASUREMENTS: Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone turnover and bone quality were assessed with biochemical markers and bone histomorphometry. RESULTS: Alendronate at 5, 10, and 20/0 mg/d increased bone mineral density from baseline at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and trochanter by 1% to 4% and in the total body by 0.3% to 1.0%; placebo led to losses of 2% to 4% at these sites. Alendronate, 1 mg/d, attenuated losses relative to those seen with placebo. Alendronate decreased markers of bone resorption to a new steady state by 3 months and decreased markers of bone formation by 6 to 12 months. Bone quality remained normal. At all dosages studied, alendronate had a safety and tolerability profile similar to that of placebo. CONCLUSIONS: In early postmenopausal women, alendronate given for 3 years at dosages of 5 mg/d or greater prevented the loss of bone mineral density at the spine and hip and in the total body. Alendronate seems to be a safe and effective nonhormonal option for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Tooth counts do not predict bone mineral density in early postmenopausal Caucasian women. EPIC study group.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that poor dental status may be a suitable criterion for bone densitometry referral in early postmenopausal women. We evaluated this hypothesis in a cohort of 1365 Caucasian women aged between 45 and 59 years, who were enrolled into an international multi-centre trial. METHODS: Subjects were recruited at four study centres, using population-based techniques. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic QDR 2000). A full physical examination was performed including a tooth count. RESULTS: Baseline tooth counts ranged from 0 to 32 (median 26): 84 (6%) subjects were edentulous. When classified according to the WHO criteria 445 (33%) of the subjects were osteoporotic at one or more of the skeletal sites analysed; 694 (51%) were osteopenic, and 226 (16%) were normal. Adjusting for confounding variables, there was no significant correlation between tooth count and BMD at any skeletal site. Subjects were divided into tertiles of tooth count, and chi2 tests used to compare the two 'extreme' groups against the WHO criteria for BMD. At each of the six BMD regions the proportion of subjects with normal, osteopenic or osteoporotic BMD was similar for both tertiles. CONCLUSIONS: We found no relationship between tooth count and BMD in early postmenopausal women. This may be because in younger women dental status is a reflection more of dietary habits and past dental surgery than of age-related bone loss. Tooth counts therefore cannot be used to identify individuals at risk of osteoporosis.

Alendronate↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of bone densitometry of the phalanges, distal forearm and axial skeleton in early postmenopausal women participating in the EPIC Study.

We present baseline bone densitometry from the Early Postmenopausal Interventional Cohort study (EPIC, sponsored by Merck, Sharp & Dohme) for the first time, in which 1609 women from England, Oregon, Hawaii and Denmark are participating to investigate the efficacy of daily oral alendronate to prevent early postmenopausal bone loss. We compared radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the phalanges for bone mineral density (BMD) measurement with single-energy X-ray absorptiometry (SXA) of the distal forearm, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine, proximal femur and distal forearm. In a random subgroup of 308 women, aged 45-60 years, on average 6 years since menopause (YSM), bone densitometry was measured once at baseline by RA of the phalanges besides the mandatory measurements by DXA. Bone densitometry was furthermore measured by SXA at the Danish site (89 women). Sixty-eight of the women had duplicate measurements performed within 1-3 weeks to evaluate the short-term precision error (CV%). One hundred and one healthy premenopausal women, aged 25-48 years, were recruited at the Danish and Hawaiian sites to establish a reference group. The precision error was 1.5% for RA of the phalanges and in the range 1.0-2.2% for SXA and DXA. BMD by RA correlated with BMD measured by SXA and DXA in the range 0.45 < r < 0.72 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, bone densitometry by RA of the phalanges is highly correlated with bone densitometry by SXA and DXA. RA of the phalanges has a short-term precision error comparable to that of SXA and DXA.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗