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Biomedical subjects

M Moore

Publications and source records attributed to M Moore.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Evaluation of a spring-loaded syringe driver for the subcutaneous administration of narcotics.

A simple spring-loaded syringe driver was tested for the subcutaneous administration of narcotic analgesics and antiemetics. With concentrations of 2 to 10 mg/mL of hydromorphone and 10 to 50 mg/mL of morphine, the infusion rate during preclinical testing was 1.01 +/- 0.1 mL/hr (range 0.70-1.2 mL/hr). The rate of infusion was not modified by the concentration of narcotic in solution. Clinical trials were performed with morphine in 17 patients, and with hydromorphone in 11 patients. The duration of the infusion was 21 +/- 11 days. The most frequent reason for discontinuation was death (22 cases). The average duration of the site of infusion was 6.3 +/- 4 days. When used subcutaneously, the rate of infusion of the device was 1 +/- 0.15 mL/hr (range 0.70-1.30 mL/hr). Patients and nurses were satisfied with the simplicity and safety of the device. Cost analysis shows that this device is significantly less expensive than currently available portable infusion devices. We conclude that the Medifuse Pump is an inexpensive, safe and effective device for the subcutaneous infusion of narcotics and antiemetics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Structure of problem behaviors in preadolescence.

Earlier research suggests that diverse adolescent problem behaviors, such as substance use, school problems, early sexual intercourse, and delinquency, reflect a single underlying dimension of behavior. Data from an ongoing longitudinal study were used to examine this issue in a previously unexamined sample (N = 426) of preadolescent sixth-grade youth. Ss included boys and girls from diverse socioeconomic and racial/ethnic backgrounds, whose average ages were 11 and 12. By using confirmatory factor analyses to test competing models, multiple factor structures were detected, suggesting that earlier findings supporting a single factor conceptualization may not be generalizable to this age group. Implications of the finding that problem behaviors may be more differentiated in late childhood than in adolescence are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Ventilatory function after exposure to various respirable hazards in a population of former coal miners.

The ventilatory function of 406 male former coal miners who had presented at the Cook County Hospital occupational medicine clinic between January 1976 and April 1987 was studied to determine whether subsequent exposure to respiratory hazards after leaving the coal mines adversely affected lung function. The miners were divided into five exposure groups based on their exposure to respirable hazards. These were coal dust only, coal dust plus asbestos dust, coal dust plus silica dust, coal dust plus another respirable hazard and coal dust plus two other respirable dust exposures. Duration of employment in coal mines, race, smoking history, and mean age were not significantly different between the various exposure groups. No significant difference was found in the per cent of predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), per cent of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC when the coal dust only group was compared with each of the other four exposure groups using ANOVA. Among former coal miners who present for a respiratory disability determination, therefore, exposure to respirable hazards subsequent to employment in coal mines is not associated with a statistically significant deterioration in ventilatory function.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed1991

How American oncologists treat breast cancer: an assessment of the influence of clinical trials.

The present study was designed to assess the preferred methods of treatment of breast cancer by American oncologists, and the impact of clinical trials on their practice. We mailed 465 questionnaires to surgical, radiation, or medical oncologists. The questionnaire described five hypothetic patients with breast cancer, and respondents were asked to select their preferred treatment for each patient. For primary breast cancer, most physicians would offer the choice of local excision followed by radiation therapy or modified radical mastectomy. About 80% of physicians would prescribe adjuvant chemotherapy for a premenopausal woman with estrogen receptor-negative, axillary node negative breast cancer, and for a postmenopausal woman with estrogen receptor-negative, node-positive disease. This policy was favored by male and female physicians of each specialty. Almost all respondents would treat a young woman with inflammatory breast cancer with initial chemotherapy followed by radiation and/or surgery, and about 60% would recommend chemotherapy to a postmenopausal patient with estrogen receptor-negative disease and minimally symptomatic bone metastases. Clinical trials have compared treatment strategies that could be applied to patients described in our questionnaire. Preferred treatments for primary breast cancer, and for inflammatory breast cancer are supported by the results of clinical trials. Recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy for node-negative breast cancer is not based on a consistent demonstration of improvement in survival, although randomized trials with short follow-up have shown delay to recurrence. Recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy for a postmenopausal woman with node-positive breast cancer is contrary to the results of large randomized controlled trials (and to a meta-analysis), which have shown that this policy does not lead to improved survival. Our report suggests that even large randomized clinical trials may have a minimal impact on practice if their results run counter to belief in the value of the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Nonritual alcohol drinking practices among high school students from the Kibbutz movement in Israel: implications for prevention.

This article describes the Kibbutzim part of a survey conducted in the north of Israel during spring 1990, in order to investigate alcohol drinking habits of Jewish students from Kibbutzim and urban areas, as well as those of Moslem and Druze students, and to draw conclusions for designing alcohol abuse prevention activities. Of the general sample of 2763 students, 572 subjects were drawn from eleven schools which belong to sixty-two Kibbutzim. Exactly 435 students were Kibbutzim-born and 137 were outsiders living and being educated in the Kibbutzim. Kibbutzim-born youth showed the highest rate of involvement with alcohol in Israel, and a striking difference concerning the rates of alcohol consumption was revealed between the above mentioned two groups. This article explains this gap, as well as the high prevalence of alcohol use among Kibbutzim-born youth, and discusses implications for prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Alcohol drinking habits of Israeli Jewish, Moslem and Druze adolescents in the north of Israel in 1990.

The article describes research conducted in the north of Israel on the drinking and smoking habits of 2,763 Moslem, Druze, Kibbutz and urban Jewish adolescents from a big city and a development town. It compares alcohol drinking frequencies (alcohol drunk on a single occasion) and amounts of these four youth populations, as well as cigarette smoking, and hashish use. Also students were asked about the drinking patterns of parents and best friends.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

HIV and measures to control infection in general practice.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of HIV on procedures to control infection in general practices. DESIGN: A postal questionnaire survey. SETTING: General practices throughout Britain. SUBJECTS: 5359 General practitioners, 3429 (63.9%) of whom returned the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Response to questionnaire on knowledge about HIV and policies for controlling infection. RESULTS: Most doctors (2018) had started to wear gloves when taking blood. Almost half (1510) had not resheathed needles previously but a further 776 had adopted this policy because of HIV. Over half of the doctors did not know or were unsure about the risk of infection from needlestick injuries, and 1759 had no practice policy for controlling infection. CONCLUSIONS: Many doctors are uncertain about measures to control infection in general practice. More information and advice are needed to help doctors develop policies to protect patients and staff.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Synthesis and characterization of a ribavirin-3',5'-phosphate pentadecamer homoribopolymer bearing a 5'-amino tether group and a 3'-thymidine.

The synthesis of a pentadecamer of the 5'-phosphate of the antiviral nucleoside ribavirin (1'-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) has been achieved. This homoribopolymer is terminated at the 5'-position with an (6-aminohexyl)phosphate group to permit conjugation to a carrier and at the 3'-position by a thymidine-5'-phosphate. The synthesis was accomplished using the methyl phosphoramidite approach to oligoribonucleotides. The homoribopolymer was insensitive to ribonuclease A but was sensitive to ribonuclease T2 digestion.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1990

Telomere G-strand structure and function analyzed by chemical protection, base analogue substitution, and utilization by telomerase in vitro.

Eukaryotic telomeres have a 12-16 nucleotide long deoxyguanosine (dG) rich single-stranded overhang at their molecular termini. Some of the unique features of telomeres are probably attributable to a specialized structure formed by this overhang. In the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, the dG-rich overhang is comprised of approximately two repeats of the sequence d(TTGGGG). Previous work has shown that the synthetic oligonucleotide d(TTGGGG)4 can form an unusual non-Watson-Crick base-paired structure (the "G-strand structure") containing G-G base pairs and syn-guanines. We have tested the susceptibility of various dGs in this structure to methylation by DMS. At 0-10 degrees C one dG residue is hypersensitive to methylation while others are particularly resistant. By systematically substituting deoxyinosine (dI) for dG in d(TTGGGG)4 we identify N2 groups of guanine essential for formation of the G-strand structure. We show that dI-substituted molecules that cannot form the G-strand structure nonetheless function as substrates for telomere repeat addition in vitro by the telomere lengthening enzyme, telomerase. The implications of these data are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of a controlled release (CR/ZOK) formulation of metoprolol, once daily, with conventional metoprolol tablets, twice daily, in mild to moderate hypertension.

In a randomized double-blind multicenter study in 100 hypertensive patients, the effect of once daily (od) dosing with a new controlled release (CR/ZOK) formulation of metoprolol was compared with that of twice daily (bid) dosing with metoprolol conventional tablets. Eligible patients had a resting seated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and less than 110 mm Hg at the end of a 6-week open placebo run-in. The active treatment phase lasted 8 weeks. The starting dose was 100 mg od in the CR/ZOK group (N = 53) and 50 mg bid in the tablet group (N = 47). The dose was increased to 200 mg od and 100 mg bid, respectively, in nonresponders (DBP greater than 95 mm Hg) at the end of the first 4-week period. Approximately 40% of both groups received concomitant diuretic therapy throughout the study. The SBP, DBP and HR were reduced compared to baseline in both treatment groups after 4 and 8 weeks. After 4 weeks, 85% of the CR/ZOK group and 74% of the tablet group had DBP less than 95 mm Hg. After another 4 weeks, the corresponding figures were 93% and 93%. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in the decrease in either SBP, DBP or HR, nor was there any difference in the percentage of responders. Both treatments were equally well tolerated. In conclusion, the antihypertensive effect of once daily dosing (100-200 mg) with the new CR/ZOK formulation of metoprolol is as effective as that of twice daily dosing (50-100 mg) with conventional metoprolol tablets.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Long-term estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women sustains vertebral bone mineral density.

The cross-sectional relationship between long-term estrogen use and vertebral (L2-4) bone mineral density (BMD) was determined in 65 postmenopausal white women between 55 and 75 years who were at least 10 years from their menopause. Long-term estrogen users began therapy within 5 years of menopause and continued for a duration of at least 10 years. The mean duration of use was 19.8 years. Controls used estrogen for less than 1 year. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.02) in mean spinal BMD between estrogen users (1.219 g/cm2) and controls (1.092 g/cm2). There was no significant difference in age, height, weight, or dietary calcium (Ca) intake between the two groups. The statistical difference in BMD was retained when (1) 23 estrogen users were paired with age-matched controls, (2) only women with a natural menopause or history of bilateral oophorectomy were included, and (3) only women with a natural menopause were compared. A spinal BMD below the estimated fracture threshold of 0.965 g/cm2 was found in 11 of 40 controls and only 2 of 25 estrogen users. Comparison of estrogen users with a natural menopause to those with bilateral oophorectomy revealed no significant difference in BMD. These data confirm the salutary effect of long-term estrogen use in the maintenance of vertebral bone mass in postmenopausal women.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Comparative bioavailability of two tablet formulations of fluphenazine dihydrochloride in drug-free psychiatric patients.

The comparative bioavailability of a new tablet formulation of fluphenazine dihydrochloride (5 mg) and a reference product (fluphenazine dihydrochloride, Prolixin, 5 mg) was assessed in drug-free psychiatric patients. Twenty-six patients were initially entered in the study, of whom 22 completed the protocol. Each patient received the test (T) and the reference formulation (R) in a balanced two-way crossover design. Plasma concentrations of fluphenazine were monitored over a period of 48 h after drug administration using a sensitive HPLC method. One patient did not show any measurable plasma concentration for one formulation at any sampling time and, therefore, bioavailability was assessed in the remaining 21 patients. All pharmacokinetic parameters showed wide intersubject variation. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax, and area under the curve up to the last measurable concentration (AUClast0), infinity (AUCinfinity0), or truncated areas (such as AUC16(0), AUC24(0) were compared by analyses of variance and found not to be significantly different in each case across the formulations. Except for AUC24(0), AUC32(0), and AUC48(0), ANOVA of all other parameters showed a high power (greater than 80%) to detect a 20% difference in the mean value of each bioequivalence parameter between T and R. The two formulations were found to be bioequivalent in that confidence intervals of the mean values of AUCinfinity0, AUClast0, truncated AUCs, or Cmax for T:R ratios were, in each case, well within the acceptable range of 100 +/- 20%.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1990

Cultured cell lines from human breast cancer biopsies and xenografts.

Eighty-five breast cancer specimens were processed as part of a program in tumor acquisition, propagation, and preservation for biotherapy. Nine long-term culture cell lines were developed. Four cell lines were from solid tumor metastases, two lines were from pleural fluid specimens, and three were from xenograft tumors grown in nude mice. Two of the xenograft-derived cell lines were from biopsies which produced tumor cell lines as well. Success in establishing cultures did not correlate with the viability of the biopsy received. Poor tumor cell attachment to culture plastic was the most common problem. For certain specimens, attachment and growth were enhanced on collagen and extracellular matrix substrates. Collagen was beneficial in the development of one cell line. The cell lines were characterized and each of the lines contained more nuclear DNA than found in normal cells. Four of five lines tested were tumorigenic in nude mice. Five of nine were clonogenic in soft agar. Each of the cell lines tested reacted with at least two anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies. Xenograft and biopsy-derived cell lines from the same tumor were similar in their characteristics. While breast cancers are indeed difficult to establish and propagate in culture, the use of xenografts and special substrates appears to be beneficial in the development of cell lines from some tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Use of DNA purified in situ from cells embedded in agarose plugs for the molecular analysis of tk-/- mutants recovered in the L5178Y tk+/- 3.7.2C mutagen assay system.

We have reported that tk-/- mutants recovered in the mouse L5178Y tk+/- 3.7.2C mutagen assay have often lost the tk+ allele. Allele loss in the tk-/- mutants is documented on Southern blots as the absence of a 6.3-kb Nco I fragment seen in both tk+/+ and tk+/- cell DNAs. For the routine screening of large- and small-colony tk-/- mutants DNAs for the absence of this genomic fragment, we have found that cells can be lysed in agarose plugs, and DNA of cells embedded in plugs can be purified, restricted with Nco I, electrophoresed, and analyzed on Southern blots without significant band distortion or diffusional loss of tk- specific fragments in the 2-7-kb range. Purification and restriction analysis of DNA in agarose plugs, originally developed to allow pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of very large DNA fragments, represents a convenient alternative to conventional DNA purification methods, allowing quantitative recovery of DNA from small numbers of cells, eliminating centrifugation, phenol extraction, and ethanol precipitation steps, and requiring smaller quantities of reagents.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

Cultural differences in the perception of magazine alcohol advertisements by Israeli Jewish, Moslem, Druze and Christian high school students.

This article describes the Israeli part of an international comparative research project conducted simultaneously in 1988 also in Australia and in the U.S.A., in order to determine the attitudes of high school students from different nations and cultures toward alcohol advertising. The Israeli study used a set of 64 magazine alcohol advertisements from 10 countries and with the help of an open-ended questionnaire examined differences and similarities in the perception of Israeli and foreign advertisements by Jewish, Moslem, Druze and Christian teenagers. Each response was coded twice. The first code indicated the general tone of the response and the second code indicated its theme. The article presents selected general results and conclusions. The results have implications for designing alcohol abuse education messages and can aid alcohol advertisers interested in responsible advertising to find advertising standards suitable to each culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A fifteen-year study of alterations in semen quality occurring after vasectomy reversal.

Semen quality was evaluated in 256 men at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after vasectomy reversal. Total sperm counts were normal and averaged 91 X 10(6) sperm per ejaculate. The percentage of live sperm was decreased below normal to 36% and hypo-osmolarity values indicated only 41% of the sperm with normal membranes. Progressive motility and the total progressively motile sperm count were reduced and averaged 25% and 27 million, respectively. Approximately 50% of the patients had positive titers of sperm agglutinating and/or sperm immobilizing antibodies. Sperm morphology indicated tail and head shape defects with increases in both tapered and immature sperm. A fertility score combining several sperm parameters averaged only 37% of normal. All of these values remained constant with time after reversal except for progressive motility (increased), oval head shapes (increased), and tapered sperm (decreased). This study has demonstrated that characteristic defects occur in sperm (decreased). This study has demonstrated that characteristic defects occur in sperm motility, sperm membrane function and morphology, in addition to specimen fertility scores, after a vasectomy reversal and need to be taken into consideration when advising and treating these patients for subsequent fertility difficulties.

Cell Survival↗