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Biomedical subjects

M N Islam

Publications and source records attributed to M N Islam.

121 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Effect of massive doses of bacteriophage on excretion of vibrios, duration of diarrhoea and output of stools in acute cases of cholera.

Each member of a group of 8 patients with acute cholera was treated with a mixture of four cholera bacteriophage preparations containing over 2 x 10(12) phage particles/ml. These massive doses were intended to kill immediately all vibrios in the intestine by "lysis from without". The numbers of Vibrio cholerae were drastically reduced rapidly. In 4 patients, V. cholerae was completely eliminated from the stools early in the treatment; the total stool volume and after-treatment of diarrhoea were reduced in comparison with a control group but were higher than in a group of patients treated with tetracycline. In the other 4 patients treated with phage, vibrios disappeard more slowly from the stools and there was no apparent clinical effect of the phage. In all the patients treated with phage, the duration of diarrhoea was longer than in patients in a control group who excreted vibrios for a similar length of time although the stool output was similar. This was interpreted as being due to the persistence of vibrios in foci of infection in the upper intestine.It is concluded that treatment of cholera with massive doses of bacteriophage is not as effective as treatment with tetracycline. However, phage can selectively eliminate the majority of vibrios without affecting the other intestinal flora and without any apparent toxic effect on the patient. Phage might therefore be useful as a research tool.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A random graph model for the final-size distribution of household infections.

In epidemiological/disease control studies, one might be interested in estimating the parameters community probability infection (CPI) and the household secondary attack rate (SAR), as introduced by Longini and Koopman. The quasi-binomial distribution I (QBD I) with parameters n, p and theta, introduced by Consul, is proposed as a model for the final-size distribution of household infections, where p (CPI) is the probability of an individual being infected from the community and theta (SAR) is the rate of secondary transmission of infection within household. An individual can be infected either from within the household or from the community. Let X be the total number of infected members in a household of size n. Then the distribution of X is given by the QBD I with the probability mass function: (formula: see text) with 0 < p < 1, theta > or = 0 such that p + n theta < 1. The epidemic model is derived from a directed random graph. Data from influenza epidemics in Asian and American households are used to test the model and a comparison is made with the Longini-Koopman model. It is shown empirically that the QBD I is as good as the L-K model in describing the household infectious disease data, and both models provide almost identical estimates for community and household transmission parameters although they are derived from different perspectives and conditions.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant mothers and its transmission to infants.

Screening for serological markers of hepatitis B virus infection was done on 500 pregnant mothers. HBsAg, AntiHBs and HBeAg were done. HBsAg was positive in 3.6%, AntiHBs in 17.4% and HBeAg in 0.4% cases. The infants born to the asymptomatic HBsAg carrier mothers were followed up to 6 months to determine the vertical transmission of HBV infection. Rate of transmission of infection from HBsAg positive mothers to infants were 16.66% irrespective of HBeAg status, whereas it was nearly 100% in case of HBeAg positive mothers. All of the HBsAg positive infants developed the antigenemia between 3-6 months of age, supporting the hypothesis that intrapartum transmission is the major mode of vertical transmission.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iodine deficiency disorders in Bangladesh.

An extensive iodine deficiency disorders survey was conducted in Bangladesh in 1993 to assess the latest iodine nutriture status of the country. The clinical variables of the survey were goitre and cretinism, and the biochemical variable was urinary iodine. The "EPI-30 cluster" sampling methodology was followed for selecting the survey sites. In each survey site, the study population consisted of boys and girls, aged 5-11 years, and men and women, aged 15-44 years, in about equal populations. The total number of survey sites was 78 and the total number of respondents was 30,072. The total number of urine samples was 4512 (15% sub-sample). The current total goitre rate (grade 1 + grade 2) in Bangladesh is 47.1% (hilly, 44.4%; flood-prone, 50.7%; and plains, 45.6%). The prevalence of cretinism in the country is 0.5% (hilly, 0.8%; flood-prone, 0.5%; and plains, 0.3%). Nearly 69% of Bangladeshi population have biochemical iodine deficiency (urinary iodine excretion [UIE] < 10 mg/dl) (hilly, 84.4; flood-prone, 67.1%; and plains 60.4%). Women and children are more affected that men, in terms of both goitre prevalence and UIE. The widespread severe iodine deficiency in all ecological zones indicates that the country as a whole is an iodine-deficient region. Important recommendations of global interest are made from the experience of the survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB S Ag) and its antibody (Anti-HB S) among London hemophiliacs and blood donors from London and two tropical areas.

The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB s AG) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among 49 London hemophiliacs was compared with that among women attending an antenatal clinic and healthy blood donors from London and from two parts of the tropics (Mauritius and Zambia). The prevalence of HBsAG and anti-HBs was low in antenatal patients, London blood donors and blood donors from Mauritius. However, a high proportion of hemophiliacs (59%) were anti-HBs positive, this being comparable with Zambian blood donors (53%), although anti-HBs titers in hemophiliacs were much higher (GMT 1:342) than in Zambian blood donors (GMT 1:36). In contrast, HBsAG was detected in 29 of 250 (12%) Zambian donors but in only 3 of 49 (6%) hemophiliacs. Clinically overt hepatitis occurred in only two hemophiliacs. However, the presence of HBsAG-specific IgM in 7 of 29 (24%) anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs suggests that a proportion of these patients recently experienced subclinical infection by hepatitis-B virus, Anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs received a significantly higher number of- cryoprecipitate units than did those without anti-HBs(P less than 0.01). Five of seven hemophiliacs with high titers of anti-HBs (greater than 1:4,096) showed a decline in titer after 1972 which may have been associated with the introduction of screening of cryoprecipitate for HBsAG.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amplification of DAT1 (human dopamine transporter gene) 3' variable region in the Japanese population.

Amplification of the human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) was performed by the polymerase chain reaction, and polymorphism of the VNTR locus was analyzed in a population sample of 176 randomly selected Japanese individuals. Genomic DNAs were extracted from whole blood, and the 3' untranslated region of the human DAT1 gene was amplified. The amplification products were distinguished by agarose gel electrophoresis, and visualized directly by ethidium bromide staining. In this way, four alleles were visualized directly and designated A, B, C, and D in decreasing order according to size. The relative frequencies of DAT1 allels A through D were 0.0171, 0.0625, 0.9119, and 0.0085, respectively. Evidence of significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed from these Japanese population data. The DAT1 locus was estimated to have a heterozygosity index of 13% and polymorphic information content of 0.16.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medial epicondylitis. An electromyographic analysis and an investigation of intervention strategies.

Flexor and extensor muscle-tendon unit activity at the elbow during the golf swing was recorded from subjects with and without medial epicondylitis. There was no significant difference in total swing time between symptomatic (1.23 +/- 0.15 sec) and asymptomatic (1.15 +/- 0.13 sec) subjects nor between golfers with low (1 to 6 handicap, N = 8) and high (11 to 19 handicap, N = 8) scoring abilities. Symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects displayed similar electromyographic profiles for flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm. Electromyographic activity of the common extensor muscles was persistent throughout the four swing phases, ranging from 33.59% of maximum voluntary contraction at address to 58.77% at contact. Common flexor muscles produced a consistent burst of electromyographic activity during contact phase (flexor burst, 90.77% of maximum voluntary contraction). Symptomatic subjects' mean flexor muscle electromyographic activity was significantly greater than that of asymptomatic subjects in both address and swing phases. When forearm brace and oversized grips were imposed on symptomatic subjects, there was no significant difference in mean electromyographic magnitude or muscle activation pattern during the golf swing. Thus, the method of symptomatic relief of the intervention strategies tested is still in question.

Adult↗