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Biomedical subjects

M Nestle

Publications and source records attributed to M Nestle.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Mediterranean diets: historical and research overview.

Diets consumed by Mediterranean populations have been a subject of interest since antiquity, with more recent investigations focused on their evident health benefits. The work of Ancel Keys in the 1950s established the largely plant-based Mediterranean diet as the original prototype for current dietary guidelines in the United States and elsewhere. As a cultural model for dietary improvement, the Mediterranean diet can be recommended for both its health benefits and its palatability. Given worldwide trends toward dietary uniformity, classic Mediterranean diets may be becoming endangered species, and much basic and applied research is needed to define the ways in which such traditional and healthful dietary patterns can be preserved and promoted.

Diet↗
PubMed1995

Regulation of medical foods: toward a rational policy.

Medical foods are enterally administered formulas used as complete or supplemental nutrition support in the treatment of diseases and clinical disorders of hospitalized or incapacitated adult patients. Because clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a consistent benefit of these products on morbidity and mortality rates, it has been difficult to reach consensus on their primary role. Are medical foods components of supportive care or should they be considered pharmacologic treatment? To date, the US Congress has defined medical foods, but the Food and Drug Administration has not developed regulatory statutes for them beyond those designed to ensure the sanitary manufacture of all processed foods. Before effective regulations can be developed, medical foods need to be defined further in order to distinguish them from each other and from other classes of nutritional products such as parenteral nutrients or infant formulas. Because we believe that the role of medical foods is in supportive care rather than pharmacologic therapy, we argue that these products should be subject to regulations similar to those that apply to conventional foods.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed1993

Food lobbies, the food pyramid, and U.S. nutrition policy.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1991 withdrawal of its Eating Right Pyramid food guide in response to pressure from meat and dairy producers was only the latest in a long series of industry attempts to influence federal dietary recommendations. Such attempts began when diet-related health problems in the United States shifted in prevalence from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases, and dietary advice shifted from "eat more" to "eat less." The Pyramid controversy focuses attention on the conflict between federal protection of the rights of food lobbyists to act in their own self-interest, and federal responsibility to promote the nutritional health of the public. Since 1977, for example, under pressure from meat producers, federal dietary advice has evolved from "decrease consumption of meat" to "have two or three (daily) servings." Thus, this recent incident also highlights the inherent conflict of interest in the Department of Agriculture's dual mandates to promote U.S. agricultural products and to advise the public about healthy food choices.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention: public policy implementation.

Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention advise reduced intake of fat; increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains; and moderate intake of alcohol and salt-cured, salt-pickled, and smoked foods. These recommendations are virtually identical to those issued by public health agencies for the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic diseases, as well as for the health promotion of the general public. The consensus on these recommendations suggests the need for public policies to promote their implementation. These policies should be designed not only to encourage improvements in the dietary knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of individuals but also to address environmental and institutional barriers to dietary change.

Diet↗
PubMed1991

Dietary diversity in the US population, NHANES II, 1976-1980.

The extent of diversity in the diets of black and white adults (n = 11,658) aged 19 to 74 years was evaluated from 24-hour dietary recalls obtained in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Each 24-hour recall was evaluated for the consumption of items from the dairy, meat, grain, fruit, and vegetable groups (Food Group Score). A second scoring method (Serving Score) evaluated every recall for consumption of at least two servings each from dairy, meat, fruit, and vegetable groups and four servings from the grain group. Only a third of the population surveyed reported consuming foods from all the food groups on the survey day; less than 3% reported consuming foods from all food groups in at least the recommended amount. Blacks scored lower on both types of diet diversity scores than whites. Both types of diversity scores showed a significant trend to increase with increasing income and level of education. Failure to consume any foods from the dairy, meat, grain, fruit, and vegetable groups was reported by 24%, 6%, 5%, 46%, and 18%, respectively, of the population on the survey day. The proportion of the population consuming at least the desired number of servings from each of these food groups was 51%, 71%, 29%, 29%, 61%, respectively. The results emphasize the need for major public campaigns directed at increasing the diversity of US diets. Special target groups include minorities and those with limited income and formal education.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Food group intake patterns and associated nutrient profiles of the US population.

We developed a method for evaluating food group intake patterns using dietary recall data (n = 11,529) from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used this method to examine the relationship of these food group intake patterns to nutrient intake and to selected biochemical indexes of nutritional status. We evaluated each 24-hour dietary intake recall for the presence or omission of five broad food groups--dairy, meat, grain, fruit, and vegetable. The five most prevalent patterns and the proportion of the population reporting them was as follows: all food groups, 33.6%; no fruit, 23.9%; no dairy and fruit, 9.0%; no dairy, 8.0%; and no fruit and vegetable, 5.6%. In the most prevalent pattern, all food groups were consumed; this was the only pattern that provided mean amounts of all of the key vitamins and minerals at levels greater than or equal to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). This pattern also was reported by the lowest proportion of individuals consuming less than 100% RDA of the key nutrients. Patterns in which both fruit and vegetables were consumed were associated with highest levels of serum vitamin C. The consistency of these results indicates that screening diets for food group consumption can quickly provide meaningful information about their quality.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health: policy implications and implementation strategies.

The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health was developed primarily as an authoritative source of information on which to base nutrition policy decisions. It presents a comprehensive review of the evidence that links diet to chronic disease, states the consensus of the Public Health Service on the policy implications of that evidence, and recommends specific dietary changes to reduce disease risk. It identifies reduction of fat consumption as the primary dietary priority and distinguishes recommendations appropriate for the general public from those for special populations. Its consensus on the scientific basis of diet-disease relationships establishes a foundation from which to develop policies and programs to implement the report's recommendations. The federal role in implementation is necessary and desirable but not sufficient. Leadership and commitment from the state, local, private, and voluntary sectors are also essential for creation of an environment that promotes improved food choices by individuals.

Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

The Surgeon General's report on nutrition and health.

The most important accomplishment of the Surgeon General's Report is its establishment of a sound scientific basis for dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention. From this foundation, all levels of government, the food industry and the nutrition profession should be able to develop programs and policies that put dietary recommendations into common practice.

Government↗
PubMed1989

National nutrition objectives for the years 1990 and 2000.

Development of nutrition objectives for the years 1990 and 2000 forms an important part of a national strategy to reduce preventable health risks. These initiatives present an opportunity for nutrition professionals to define priorities for nutrition in preventive health care and to establish the nation's nutrition policy agenda for the next decade.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1989

Federal nutrition policies: impact on dietetic practice.

Current federal nutrition policies are likely to have a major impact on dietetic practice. Several examples have been selected to explain why and how members of the American Dietetic Association and other nutrition professionals should become involved in policy development and implementation.

Cholesterol↗