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Biomedical subjects

M P Weber

Publications and source records attributed to M P Weber.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effect of size on electrolyte apparent absorption rates and fermentative activity in dogs.

The objectives of the study were to assess overall electrolyte absorption capacity as well as fermentative activity in dogs varying in body size in order to verify whether these parameters can explain the poor faecal quality in large dogs. Four breeds of dogs were used: six Miniature Poodles (MP), six Standard Schnauzers (SS), six Giant Schnauzers (GS) and six Great Danes (GD). Net absorption rates of electrolytes were assessed by calculating the apparent digestibility of sodium and potassium and measuring their content in stool. Fermentative activity was calculated by measuring faecal concentrations of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids. The results showed higher faecal concentrations of fermentation products and electrolytes as well as poorer digestibility of electrolytes in Giant Schnauzers and Great Danes. Strong positive correlations were found between these different parameters and stool quality (scores and moisture). Lower overall electrolyte absorption and higher fermentative activity could thus be factors capable of explaining poorer faecal quality in these two large dog breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Forecasting patient outcomes in the management of hyperlipidemia.

BACKGROUND: To forecast adult patient outcomes in the management of hyperlipidemia using adult National Health and Examination Survey III (NHANES III) population statistics and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines for goals of therapy. METHODS: Review of the hyperlipidemia drug therapy English-language medical literature with emphasis on randomized controlled trials of more than 6 weeks' duration published in the last 7 years, product package inserts, US Food and Drug Administration submission information, and NHANES III population statistics. Data were extracted from studies of lipid-lowering therapy to modify low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. The data that were evaluated included sample size, study design, therapeutic intervention, length of study, percentage change in LDL levels, and patient demographics. RESULTS: Cumulative frequency curves of the LDL distribution among the US adult population were constructed. The mean efficacy of drug therapy from qualified studies was used to extrapolate the percentage of the population expected to respond to the intervention and to forecast the patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS: A useful tool for clinicians was constructed to approximate the percentage of patients, based on risk stratification, who would reach NCEP target goal after a given pharmacotherapeutic intervention to decrease LDL levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid fever vaccines in US military personnel.

Typhoid fever has been a problem for military personnel throughout history. A cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid fever vaccines from the perspective of the US military was performed. Currently 3 vaccine preparations are available in the US: an oral live Type 21A whole cell vaccine; a single-dose parenteral, cell subunit vaccine; and a 2-dose parenteral heat-phenol killed, whole cell vaccine. This analysis assumed all vaccinees were US military personnel. Two pharmacoeconomic models were developed, one for personnel who have not yet been deployed, and the other for personnel who are deployed to an area endemic for typhoid fever. Drug acquisition, administration, adverse effect and lost work costs, as well as the costs associated with typhoid fever, were included in this analysis. Unique military issues, typhoid fever attack rates, vaccine efficacy, and compliance with each vaccine's dosage regimen were included in this analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the models. Typhoid fever immunisation is not cost-effective for US military personnel unless they are considered imminently deployable or are deployed. The most cost-effective vaccine for US military personnel is the single-dose, cell subunit parenteral vaccine.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1995

The military health services system model for pharmacoeconomic decision making.

Pharmaceutical expenditures have been increasing over the last few decades, both in the private sector and the Department of Defense (DoD). The Pharmacoeconomic Center (PEC), staffed with personnel from the Army, Navy, and Air Force, was established in 1993 to develop the means to control these pharmaceutical expenditures and to develop the DoD TriService Formulary (TSF). The TSF serves as the basis for a consistent and equitable pharmacy benefit for DoD patients. The initial TSF contains medications that are well accepted as standard therapy and are currently available at most military facilities. Revisions to the initial TSF are based on pharmacoeconomic analyses of ambulatory disease states accounting for the majority of pharmaceutical expenditures. The PEC also develops treatment guidelines, preferred drug lists, and drug use evaluation criteria based on the results of each disease state analysis.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed1994

Monitoring furosemide in racehorses participating in an EIPH program.

Analytical procedures were developed to monitor furosemide concentrations in post-race serum and urine samples obtained from horses participating in an exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) program. High performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light detection proved a reliable, sensitive method for measuring urinary furosemide concentrations up to 12 h after administration of either 150 or 250 mg of the drug to race horses. However, this method was unreliable for determination of serum furosemide concentration. High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection proved a reliable, sensitive method for measuring serum furosemide concentration in horses administered 250 mg of the diuretic, permitting detection of approximately 5-10 ng/ml 6 h after treatment. This method was applied to field conditions where furosemide was administered to horses (between 150 and 250 mg intravenously) 4 h prior to the race. Analytical results assisted in establishing a threshold concentration of 85 ng/ml for serum furosemide. It was found that serum furosemide concentrations are a valid measure of compliance with furosemide administration in the EIPH program.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Plasma elimination and urinary excretion of procaine after administration of different products to standardbred mares.

Plasma and urinary concentrations of procaine were examined in Standardbred mares after subcutaneous administration of various doses (80 mg to 1600 mg) of procaine hydrochloride. Regardless of dose, peak plasma procaine values occurred within 1 h, but remained detectable in a dose-dependent manner, with procaine present at 1 h with the 80 mg dose and 6 h at the 1600 mg dose. Similarly, peak urinary procaine concentrations were attained within 1.5 to 3 h, irrespective of dose, while detection time was dose-dependent, being 23 h for 80-200 mg doses but as long as 30-54 h with the 1600 mg dose. When mares were given a single intramuscular injection of a penicillin G-procaine preparation (Ethacillin, Cillimycin, Penamycin, Derapen A, Azimycin or Diathal), peak plasma procaine concentrations varied and were reached from 10 min to 3 h in all cases, with detection from 3 to 20 h after drug administration. Although the peak urinary levels of procaine occurred between 30 mins and 6 h, detection in urine in most cases was as long as 78-120 h except for Diathal for which detection was limited to 54 h. Daily administration of a penicillin G-procaine preparation (Pen-Di-Strep) for 5 days produced a biphasic peak in plasma procaine at 3 and at 6-9 h with detection from 16 to 23 h after drug treatment. Although peak urinary procaine values were reached at similar times after single or multiple injections, the duration of detection was markedly longer (425 h) after the multiple-dose regimen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The influence of furosemide on plasma elimination and urinary excretion of drugs in standardbred horses.

A study of the effects of intravenous administration of either 150 mg or 250 mg of furosemide to standardbred mares pre-treated with other drugs was undertaken to determine whether a unique pattern of drug elimination into urine and from plasma for each compound occurred. Furosemide significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of codeine compared to control 2-6 h after furosemide administration. In contrast, the plasma concentrations of theophylline, phenylbutazone, pentazocine, guaifenesin and flunixin were not markedly altered by furosemide. In the case of acepromazine, clenbuterol and fentanyl, the data generated were insufficient to state with certainty whether or not furosemide affected the plasma concentrations of these three drugs. A significant reduction was noted in the urinary concentrations of guaifenesin, acepromazine, clenbuterol, phenylbutazone, flunixin, fentanyl and pentazocine within 1-4 h of furosemide administration. The urinary concentrations of theophylline remained reduced as long as 8 h after furosemide injection. Furosemide administration to horses pre-treated with codeine resulted in depression of urinary morphine concentrations 2-4 h and 9-12 h after furosemide injection. A lower furosemide dose (150 mg) produced changes in drug urinary excretion and plasma elimination equivalent to the higher dose (250 mg). It is evident that furosemide affects the urinary and plasma concentrations of other co-administered drugs but not in a predictable fashion, which limits the extrapolation of these results to as yet untested drugs.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1987

Presence of salicylic acid in standardbred horse urine and plasma after various feed and drug administrations.

Plasma and urinary levels of salicylic acid were examined in Standardbred mares after administration of various feeds, containing different compositions of hay. In addition, horses were administered acetylsalicylic acid orally and methyl salicylate topically. Elevated salicylic acid levels were observed in horse urine and plasma in animals fed lucerne hay. The plasma and urinary elimination of salicylic acid exhibited a diurnal pattern which was related to the type of feed and the feeding schedule. Within 24 h after oral administration of acetylsalicylic acid, plasma and urine salicylic acid levels were consistent with residual levels observed after feeding lucerne hay. Elimination of salicylic acid was rapid and complete, with a half-life between 5 and 7 h. Topical administration of methyl salicylate (8.4 g) produced elevated urinary salicylic acid levels for 6 h. A smaller dose of methyl salicylate (3.4 g) did not elevate plasma or urine salicylic acid levels above those observed following administration of lucerne hay.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of procaine in equine plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

The variability in plasma and urine equine procaine measurement between three independent laboratories using current methods led to the development of a sensitive, reliable, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Standardbred mares were administered either a penicillin G procaine preparation intramuscularly or procaine hydrochloride subcutaneously, and blood and urine were collected at defined time intervals. By HPLC the detection limits for procaine in plasma and urine were 1 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. In contrast procaine in plasma could not be detected by GC-NPD, while the urinary detection limit was 50 ng/mL. The concentration of fluoride in the collection tubes and repetitive freeze-thawing modified plasma procaine measurement. Urinary pH was a factor in estimation of urine procaine levels with greater recovery and reproducibility of results at pH 5 as compared to pH 7. This HPLC method provides a simple, sensitive, and reliable quantitation of procaine in equine plasma and urine.

Animals↗