Biomedical subjects
M Parkin
Publications and source records attributed to M Parkin.
Mortality from melanoma in migrants to Australia: variation by age at arrival and duration of stay.
All death records in Australia during the period 1964-1985 were analyzed to compare mortality from melanoma in immigrants and Australian-born individuals, and to investigate changes in risk in the immigrants according to their duration of stay and age at arrival. About 450,000 deaths were from cancer, and risks of melanoma were estimated by logistic regression relative to those of the Australian-born, with deaths from other cancers used as controls. Estimates were adjusted for age at death, time period, birth cohort, and state of registration of death in Australia. Region of birth was defined as New Zealand, other Oceania, England, Ireland/Scotland/Wales (including Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Asia, or Eastern Asia, bearing in mind that many migrants born in Asia were of European descent. Overall, migrants from outside Oceania were at lower risk than the Australian-born, and the lowest risks in males were in Southern Europeans and Eastern Asians, reflecting the protective effect of a darker complexion. Risk of melanoma was related both to duration of stay in Australia and to age at arrival; although their relative importance cannot be measured, the patterns of change suggested that childhood migration may be more important in determining risk than number of years in Australia. The authors believe this study to be based on the largest data set ever used in migrant studies, and note that the previously found differences in melanoma risk between immigrants and Australian-born remained after adjustment for major temporal and geographic confounders. The results confirm the importance of the interaction between environmental and genetic risk factors in the etiology of melanoma.
Opisthorchis viverrini infestation and endogenous nitrosamines as risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the most common cancers in north-east Thailand and has been associated with infestation by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (OV). Two samples of 12-hr overnight urine (after dosing with proline and ascorbic acid or proline alone) were collected from 20 inhabitants from each of 5 contrasting incidence areas for CCA. The incidence of CCA was not correlated with either the amount of NPRO or other nitrosamino acids, endogenous nitrosation potential (difference in NPRO levels between proline dose and proline and ascorbic dose), or nitrate level. However, when urinary levels of nitrosamino acids were compared in subjects living in high-risk areas, subjects who were positive for OV antibody excreted significantly more (p less than 0.01) NPRO (12.3 +/- 18.7 micrograms/12 hr) after proline ingestion than those who were negative (3.5 +/- 3.2 micrograms/12 hr). After ingestion of ascorbic acid, the NPRO levels in the positive subjects were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) to 2.4 +/- 2.0 micrograms/12 hr, suggesting that endogenous nitrosation of proline was inhibited. Thus, endogenous nitrosation potential estimated from the difference between NPRO and the sum of nitrosamino acids excreted in the 2 urine samples was significantly higher in subjects positive for the OV antibody. Small amounts of pre-formed nitrosamines were found in fermented fish and pork food items, which are consumed frequently in the high-risk area for CCA. These results suggest that the interaction between chemical carcinogens, especially nitrosamines, and OV infestation may play a role in the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand.
Endogenous nitrosamines and liver fluke as risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the most prevalent cancers in north-east Thailand and has been associated with infestation by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (OV). Two samples of 12-h overnight urine (after dosing with 500 mg proline and 200 mg ascorbic acid or 500 mg proline alone) were collected from about 100 inhabitants in five contrasting incidence areas for CCA and hepatocellular carcinoma. The incidences of CCA and hepatocellular carcinoma were not correlated with either the amount of NPRO or other nitrosamino acids, endogenous nitrosation potential (difference in NPRO levels between proline dose and proline and ascorbic acid dose), or nitrate level. However, when urinary levels of nitrosamino acids were compared in subjects living in high-risk areas, subjects who were positive for OV antibody excreted significantly more (p less than 0.01) NPRO (12.3 +/- 18.7 micrograms/12 h) after proline ingestion than those who were negative 3.5 +/- 3.2 micrograms/12 h). After ingestion of ascorbic acid, the NPRO levels in the positive subjects were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) to 2.4 +/- 2.0 micrograms/12 h, suggesting that endogenous nitrosation of proline was inhibited. Thus, endogenous nitrosation potential estimated from the difference of NPRO and sum of nitrosamino acids excreted in the two urine samples was significantly higher in subjects positive for the OV antibody. In addition, of the representative food samples and beverages consumed frequently in high-risk areas for CCA, fermented fish and pork contained N-nitrosodimethylamine (0-26 micrograms/kg), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (0-117 micrograms/kg) and N-nitrosopiperidine (0-23 micrograms/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[Incidence of cancer in children throughout the world].
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has coordinated a worldwide study of the incidence of cancer in childhood. Contributors from over 50 countries have provided data. This paper presents a summary of some of the major results. The incidence rates and relative frequencies of childhood cancers are described according to 12 diagnostic groups, defined mainly in terms of tumour morphology. Variations in the risk of those tumours between different countries and different ethnic groups provide important information on the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors in their aetiology.
Recognising growth disorders.
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Albumin excretion in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes.
Microalbuminuria has been shown to predict end-stage renal failure in adults with insulin-dependent diabetes. We have measured albumin excretion rates (AER) in 106 normal adults, 64 normal children and 68 children with insulin-dependent diabetes. The median AER's in both groups of children were similar and both were significantly lower than in the adult population. In normal and diabetic children there was a significant positive correlation of AER with age, but not with duration of disease or HbA1 in the diabetic group. We conclude that AER is lower in children than in adults and that the levels of albumin excretion which are predictive of clinical diabetic nephropathy in adults may not be applicable to children.
Relax fearful patients with an ancient medicinal art.
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Suicide and culture in Fairbanks. A comparison of three cultural groups in a small city of interior Alaska.
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Library service and the nursing profession in Canada.
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[Current trends in nursing libraries].
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HLA antigens and growth in diabetic children.
HLA types in 121 diabetic children in Newcastle are examined in relation to their growth records. The children's height at the onset of diabetes was normal, but fell away during the course of the disease; there was low mean height velocity and failure of bone development to keep pace with chronological age. The total series shows the expected excess of HLA antigens B8, B15 and Cw3 and deficit of B7. Children with B8 are of smaller stature adjusted for bone age than those without the antigen, while children with B7 appear to do better. The results suggest that within the diabetic spectrum of genotypes the HLA antigens are relevant to growth and development.