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M Pocard

Publications and source records attributed to M Pocard.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Origin of animal experimentation legislation in the 19th century].

The first legislation in the world, designed to protect animals used in research, was passed in England in 1876, and is still in force today. It is one of the strictest in Europe. At the same period, France had no such law, and was the country conducting the greatest amount of animal experimentation. Comparing, these two countries, in the middle of the 19th century, can account for this difference. The most important difference seems to be related to the theological question: are animals endowed with a soul? Saint Augustine, claimed, in the 4th century, perhaps because of an experiment with the centipede, that animals do not have a soul. In the 17th century, René Descartes, using a different philosophical system, reached a similar conclusion, in France. On the other hand, under the influence of Charles Darwin, England rejected the Roman Catholic conclusion, about the soul of animals. The industrial revolution, occurring earlier in England than in France, also changed the society, developing urban areas, where people were cut off from rural life and changing human relationships with animals. The industrial revolution enabled the development of the press, giving impetus to public opinion. These facts, combined with a caution of science, which was more developed in England than in France, brought about the first important "anti-doctor" campaign.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1999

[Hereditary colorectal cancer without associated polyadenomatosis].

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant condition in which affected individuals develop colorectal cancer or extracolonic cancer, most commonly endometrial, at an early age. Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of a germline mutation of DNA mismatch-repair genes to be responsible for the majority of HNPPC cases. Since clinical screening of gene carriers can help to prevent cancer, it is important to devise strategies applicable to this syndrome. Recommendations for current management, especially screening and surgical treatment are under study, as they have not yet been clearly established. This paper reviews the clinical presentation, the molecular genetic diagnosis and therapeutic approaches of this syndrome including the controversies concerning prophylactic colectomy for cancer or gene carriers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Hereditary colorectal cancer associated with polyposis syndromes].

This study reviews different aspects of hereditary colorectal cancer associated with three polyposis syndromes: familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis coli and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. All these syndromes share some similarities: low incidence, autosomal dominant inheritance, genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer and/or other extracolonic cancers. Classical familial adenomatous polyposis is clinically defined by the presence of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum, whereas less than 100 polyps are found in attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. Without prophylactic colectomy, colorectal cancer develops inevitably by the age of 40. Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal anal-pouch anastomosis is the operation of choice in familial adenomatous polyposis. In juvenile polyposis coli, 50-200 hamartomatous polyps are found in the colon, rectum, stomach and small bowel. Life-time cumulative risk for colorectal cancer is estimated to be 50%. Prophylactic colectomy is required only in cases in which endoscopic surveillance is not able to control polyp development. Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome is a variant form of juvenile polyposis coli, consisting of multiple mixed adenomatous, hyperplastic and hamartomatous polyps. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by multiple hamartomatous polyps located in the small bowel, colon and stomach. Small bowel follow through and colonoscopy is advised for surveillance. Surgery is warranted only in cases of polyps larger than 1 cm. The causative genes of these syndromes have been cloned. Molecular genetic testing of affected and at-risk individuals is proposed in order to advise surveillance and management.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1998

Assessing the effectiveness of mesorectal excision in rectal cancer: prognostic value of the number of lymph nodes found in resected specimens.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether the number of involved or uninvolved lymph nodes in resected specimens can be used to predict the effectiveness of surgical resection for rectal cancer. METHODS: Local recurrence and survival rates for 118 patients undergoing curative resection for rectal carcinoma, without adjuvant therapy, were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 62+/-37 months. Mean number of involved or uninvolved lymph nodes per resected specimen was 12+/-7. Overall local recurrence rate was 15.2 percent. In patients without involved lymph nodes (N0 patients) and with T1 or T2 tumors, the local recurrence rate ranged from 0 to 8 percent (not significant), depending on the number of lymph nodes on the specimen. In patients without involved lymph nodes and those with T3 tumors, the actuarial survival rate at ten years was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the local recurrence rate was higher (P < 0.02) in patients with fewer than ten lymph nodes than in those with more than ten nodes. In patients with involved lymph nodes, the mean number of nodes on the resected specimen correlated closely with the mean number involved by the tumor. CONCLUSION: The assessment of the effectiveness of rectal excision for cancer is in part helped by the number of involved or uninvolved lymph nodes found on the resected specimen. This is of particular interest in patients without involved lymph nodes and those having infiltrating T3 tumors, for whom the long-term survival and local recurrence rates were significantly better when more than ten lymph nodes were present. On the other hand, when fewer than ten nodes were found, whatever the cause, adjuvant radiotherapy had to be considered, because of the high risk of local failure rate.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer after radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: Nonsurgical treatment of anal cancer by radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy is the standard therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Surgery is only recommended for treatment failures. Very few studies have been devoted to the outcome of this salvage surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate these results. METHODS: A retrospective review from 1986 to 1995 revealed 21 patients with residual or recurrent anal canal carcinoma after initial radiotherapy, operated on by abdominoperineal resection. Patients were reviewed as to age, gender, initial treatment, any symptoms of recurrence, duration until recurrence, any diagnosis imaging, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: None of these 21 patients had known lymph node involvement or metastases at radiotherapy or at salvage abdominoperineal resection. Eleven patients had residual disease (positive biopsy less than 6 months after the end of radiotherapy) and 10 had tumor recurrence (more than 6 months after cessation of treatment). Recurrence occurred at a mean of 15 (range, 9-41) months after radiotherapy. All 21 patients underwent an abdominoperineal resection. Pathologic examination of the 21 specimens showed complete excision in all cases except one and lymph node metastases in two cases. There was no perioperative mortality. The mean follow-up after surgery was 40 months; no patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 21 patients, 10 died and 11 lived, of whom 9 are disease free. The overall survival rate at three years after salvage abdominoperineal resection was 58 percent. The overall survival rate for patients with residual disease (vs. recurrence) at three years was 72 percent (vs. 29 percent) and at five years was 60 percent (vs. 0 percent; P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Salvage abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer can be expected to yield a number of survivors from residual disease, but the low rate of survival after abdominoperineal resection for recurrent disease suggests the need for additional postoperative treatment if salvage abdominoperineal resection is performed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Surgical treatment of cancer of the anal canal].

The development of radiochemotherapy associations has raised the percentage of sphincters preserved in surgery for anal cancer. These protocols have also made the surgeon's task more difficult as abdomino-perineal amputations, progressively reserved for treatment failures, cause intraoperative and postoperative problems in this type of tissue. Programmed surgery would be the ideal solution and requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Anus Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

[Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastasis. The concept of adjuvant surgery].

Surgery for hepatic metastases from breast cancer remains anecdotal and controversial. This retrospective series of 21 patients analyses survival after hepatic resection. These patients presented with isolated metachronous metastases, controlled by systemic treatment; surgery was considered to be an adjuvant treatment. There was no surgical mortality. The TNM stage of the initial breast cancer, the time to onset of metastases and the number of hepatic metastases did not influence survival. The 5-year survival, after diagnosis of metastatic disease, was 60%; clearly better than the expected survival. Eleven patients are currently alive without recurrence. Six patients developed a recurrence in the remaining liver after a mean interval of 12 months, including 4 patients who died after a mean interval of 49 months. These results suggest that a subgroup of patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer may benefit from surgical resection. This surgery must be proposed in patients with isolated disease progression controlled by systemic treatment. In our experience, adjuvant surgery of hepatic metastases from breast cancer is followed by an uneventful postoperative course, improves survival and, in 50% of cases, allows discontinuation of chemotherapy, improving the patient's quality of life.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Varicose veins and methods used to cut them: from the Ebers papyrus to Trendelenburg].

Varicose veins have been described since antiquity. The Ebers papyrus, dating from about 1550 BC reported this disease. Ancient Roman surgeons already performed surgical resection. French surgeon of the Middle Age, Guy de Chauliac, described, in Chirurgica Magna, bandaging for ulcers and cautery or surgical resection for varicose veins. The most remarkable texts were those of Ambroise Paré in the 16th Century, using all these techniques for surgical teaching while abandoning many medical treatments based on concepts of disease as imbalances of "humors". The end of 19th century was the start of new surgical progress with Trendelenburg, Delbert and Mocquot the development of sclerotherapy.

Egypt↗
PubMed1997

[Colorectal adenocarcinoma in patients under 40 years of age].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in young adults. METHODS: In a retrospective review of 1,917 patients with colorectal cancer, 80 patients were under the age of 40 years (4.2%). RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 5.2 years (range: 0-16 years). There was a family history of colorectal cancer in 20% of the patients, either familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC syndrome). Five prognostic factors for the 10 year survival rate were found: stage of tumor in the Astler-Coller classification (A, B1-2, C1-2 and D, 100, 75, 38 and 11% respectively), tumor vascular invasion (16%), poorly differentiated tumors (30%), emergency surgery (21%) and non curative resections (5%). The colon recurrence rate at 8 years was 14% in the case of HNPCC syndrome. The recurrence rate for patients with neither FAP nor HNPCC syndrome was 11.5% at 8 years and for patients alive at 1 year was 16.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In patients under the age of 40 years, a subtotal colectomy, even as a second operation should be considered, if the prognostic factors are favorable. A genetic analysis seems to be essential in the management of these patients.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Different p53 mutations produce distinct effects on the ability of colon carcinoma cells to become blocked at the G1/S boundary after irradiation.

The LoVo colon carcinoma cell line that presents two wild type p53 alleles was used as the recipient for a series of transfections with p53 expression vectors coding for wild-type or three different mutants (143ala, 175his or 273his). The parental cell line as well as all clones that had rearranged the plasmid with consequent loss of p53 c-DNA were readily blocked at the G1/S boundary following 10 Gy of irradiation. For each mutation two clones with different levels of mutant protein expression were selected. Confirmation of the integration of the exogenous sequence was obtained by the expression of the mutant m-RNA, established by reverse transcription and DGGE or Southern blot. Flow cytometric measurements of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation revealed a total G1/S block of the 143ala transfectants, similarly to the parental and control transfectant cells, but little or no cell cycle block for the 175his and 273his clones. Although it has been shown in vitro that all three mutations interfere with transcriptional activation by the wild-type protein, not only did we observe p53 protein induction and nuclear accumulation following irradiation, but WAF-1/CIP-1 m-RNA was increased in some of the clones for which the G1/S block was abolished. Our results show that mutant p53 proteins are to some extent submitted to the control of the cellular environment in cancer cells with wild type p53 alleles, but with an efficacy that depends on the mutation.

Alanine↗
PubMed1996

[Inguinal hernia: contribution of randomized studies over the last 10 years].

Inguinal hernia surgical treatment is the most frequently performed general surgical procedure. Its medical and economic involvements imposed and efficient and perfectly defined management. We report the conclusions of randomized series over the last 10 years about inguinal hernia treatment. The Shouldice procedure associated to local anesthesia and antibio-prophylaxy remains the gold standard for the treatment of inguinal hernia.

Anesthetics, Local↗