Data from 1,392 children ages 1 to 10, who were participants in the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, were examined to determine how their diets compared with current dietary recommendations and to identify those sociodemographic factors associated with the greatest risk for not meeting the recommendations. Vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc were the nutrients most often consumed below recommended levels. Percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat and mean sodium intakes were above recommended levels for the majority of the children. Of the total sample, 81 percent met guidelines for cholesterol intakes. Multiple correlation regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the following factors on the children's nutrient intakes: geographic region, degree of urbanization, race, household size and income, age, education, and employment status of the male and female head of household. Age and sex of the child were entered as control variables. Level of urbanization affected the most nutrient intake variables, followed by race. Living in a rural area and being black were significant predictors for higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium. Mean annual household income had no significant effect on any of the diet quality measures. Many of the children in the sample, however, participated in Federal food and nutrition programs that provided additional resources for food.

Black or African American↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: midterm results in 28 patients.

This paper reports the clinical and procedural results of 28 consecutive TIPS procedures in 25 males and three females with a mean age of 48 years. All patients had cirrhosis with portal hypertension and varices. Twenty-two patients had recurrent bleeding. Shunts were completed in 26 of 28 patients, and no death was associated with the procedure. Portal vein pressure was reduced from 3.98 +/- 0.24 KPa before shunting to 2.40 +/- 0.16 KPa after shunting. Doppler US revealed that the maximum blood flow velocity in the main portal vein increased from 14.0 +/- 4.5 cm/sec to 48.0 +/- 16.5 cm/sec. Shunt patency was determined by color Doppler US in 20 patients. Shunt stenosis was found in five patients and occlusion in one, and these findings were confirmed by angiography. Ascites disappeared in six of eight cases, and varices disappeared completely in 11 patients and abated greatly in 12 patients two months after TIPS. Rebleeding occurred in three cases (occlusion, 1; stenosis, 2) during a mean follow-up time of 6.5 months. One of these cases was successfully redilated. The initial results suggest that TIPS is a safe and effective method of portal decompression and that the key to portal vein puncture is to understand the three-dimensional relationship between the hepatic and portal veins.

Adult↗