Is this a record? Six years in "Paris".
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Casts, Surgical↗
Biomedical subjects
M R Martin
Publications and source records attributed to M R Martin.
Determination of the efficacy of topical oral pilocarpine for postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck carcinoma.
Pilocarpine hydrochloride suspended in a candy-like pastille was evaluated as a topical treatment for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. This local delivery system, which differs from systemically administered pilocarpine preparations, was developed to hopefully maximize the local response and minimize the systemic side effects. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to determine objective and subjective efficacy in reversing the decrease in salivation. Forty previously irradiated patients received increasingly higher pilocarpine dosages in pastilles for 5 successive weeks. At each successive dose of pilocarpine, no significant increased salivation was noted. However, 25 (74%) of 34 patients reported that pilocarpine alleviated their subjective xerostomia. Topical pilocarpine administration has shown similar results to previous systemic delivery methods for radiation-induced xerostomia, but with improved patient tolerance.
Administration, Oral↗
Dohnavur Fellowship--an experience of dentistry in south India.
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Dental Health Services↗
Identifying Hispanic gifted children using the Screening Assessment for Gifted Elementary Students.
We examined the utility of the Screening Assessment for Gifted Elementary Students (SAGES) for identifying Hispanic gifted students among 162 third through fifth graders, of whom 75% were Anglo-American and 25% Hispanic. Direct discriminant analysis of subscale scores of the SAGES classified 93.2% of the sample as Anglo-American, including 35 of the 41 Hispanic children. This indicated that the subscale scores did not predict group membership. A validation procedure yielded similar results on an independent sample of 25 Anglo-American and 14 Hispanic children. Also, a multivariate profile analysis indicated small score differences between the two groups and reflected similar cognitive processes being assessed. The screening device appears to function fairly within both ethnic groups.
Aptitude Tests↗
Generation of surgical pathology report using a 5,000-word speech recognizer.
Pressures to decrease both turnaround time and operating costs simultaneously have placed conflicting demands on traditional forms of medical transcription. The new technology of voice recognition extends the promise of enabling the pathologist or other medical professional to dictate a correct report and have it printed and/or transmitted to a database immediately. The usefulness of voice recognition systems depends on several factors, including ease of use, reliability, speed, and accuracy. These in turn depend on the general underlying design of the systems and inclusion in the systems of a specific knowledge base appropriate for each application. Development of a good knowledge base requires close collaboration between a domain expert and a knowledge engineer with expertise in voice recognition. The authors have recently completed a knowledge base for surgical pathology using the Kurzweil VoiceReport 5,000-word system.
Artificial Intelligence↗
A further assessment of the gauze hammock sling operation in the treatment of stress incontinence.
A further series of 100 consecutive gauze hammock sling operations for urinary stress incontinence is presented with preliminary urodynamic assessment in all cases and follow-up from 6 months to 5 years. In 63 women the operation was a primary procedure. Modification to the operation included redesign of the shape of the sling, use of increased tension where minor degrees of bladder detrusor instability exist, and use of a suprapubic catheter postoperatively. Of the 100 women 87 were reviewed directly and 12 indirectly; only one was lost to follow-up. After operation, 78% were continent, 17% showed improvement and there were 4% failures. The only serious complication was a pulmonary embolus in one woman but 15 had some voiding difficulty during the follow-up period which responded to urethral dilatation in all but three. There were no fistulas. This improved technique should overcome many of the objections to the sling procedure and is a suitable primary procedure for stress incontinence or for treatment of recurrence after previous alternative procedures.
Female↗
Excitatory amino acid pharmacology of the auditory nerve and nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken.
Experiments were performed on the nucleus magnocellularis and auditory nerve in tissue slices of 19-20-day-old chick embryos. Bath-applied kainate, quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate induced dose-dependent alterations in the antidromic responses of nucleus magnocellularis neurons. The sensitivity of these agonist-induced responses to 2,3-cis-piperidine dicarboxylate, glutamate diethylester and D-alpha-aminoadipate were tested, as was the sensitivity of auditory nerve transmission. The data suggest that receptors for all three agonists are present on nucleus magnocellularis neurons and that the postsynaptic receptor of the nucleus magnocellularis-auditory nerve synapse is of the kainate type. The effects of bath-applied baclofen were also studied. Baclofen blocked orthodromic responses suggesting that an excitatory amino acid is released from the presynaptic terminal.
Amino Acids↗
Evidence for an excitatory amino acid as the transmitter of the auditory nerve in the in vitro mouse cochlear nucleus.
Microionophoretically applied excitatory amino acids induced firing of extracellularly recorded single units in a tissue slice preparation of the mouse cochlear nucleus, and the similarly applied antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2APV) was demonstrated to be a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. In addition, the effect of various bath-applied excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on auditory nerve evoked field potentials was studied. Antagonists which block NMDA type receptors, blocked auditory nerve evoked potentials in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) for three of the antagonists used was: D-alpha-aminoadipate, 7.8 mM; 2APV, 4.2 mM; and 2,3-cis-piperidine dicarboxylate, 1.1 mM. Glutamate diethylester (5 mM) had no effect. The results suggest that NMDA, kainate and quisqualate receptors are present in the cochlear nucleus and that auditory nerve transmission in the mouse is mediated by an NMDA type receptor. This is consistent with the concept that the auditory nerve postsynaptic receptor in mammals is of the NMDA type.
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
Fluphenazine/nortriptyline in the irritable bladder syndrome. A double-blind placebo controlled study.
A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomised order crossover study was carried out on the effect of Motival (0.5 mg fluphenazine with 10 mg nortriptyline) 3 times daily on the bladder function and psychiatric morbidity of 13 women without evidence of infection, complaining of recurrent dysuria and frequency. Bladder function was assessed symptomatically and by ambulatory urodynamics, and patients completed the General Health Questionnaire, a validated instrument for the detection of psychiatric disturbance. Correction of the urodynamic abnormalities was associated with Motival treatment in 5 of the 8 patients with unstable bladders, compared with none of 7 patients receiving placebo (P less than 0.02). Motival was also associated with a greater frequency of symptomatic improvement. Only 2 patients were classified as psychiatrically disturbed, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of Motival is not related to its psychotropic properties.
Adolescent↗
Naloxone and long term potentiation of hippocampal CA3 field potentials in vitro.
The effects of naloxone on potentiation of CA3 pyramidal cell field potentials induced by tetanization of the mossy fiber pathway was studied in the in vitro guinea pig hippocampal slice preparation. Naloxone in nanomolar concentrations prevented the development of long term potentiation and it is concluded that an opioid peptide is probably involved in the generation of the potentiation.
Animals↗
Lateral inhibition in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat: a microiontophoretic study.
The spontaneous firing rates of non-prepotential (NPP) units of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus are quite low so it has not been possible to determine whether side band tones are inhibitory when presented alone. Microiontophoretically-applied excitatory amino acids can be used to excite non-spontaneous cells directly. Using this technique it can be shown that side band tone bursts 1/2 to 3/4 octave above the characteristic frequency (CF) of a NPP unit inhibit the amino acid-induced firing. Side band tones which inhibited the amino acid-induced firing were beyond the tuning curve. Side band tones within the tuning curve produced excitation. Both, however, usually reduced the activity evoked by a CF tone burst (i.e., two-tone interaction). The data suggests that lateral inhibition and two-tone interactions are separate phenomena in the auditory system and that lateral inhibition may play a critical role in determining the shape of the tuning curve of NPP units.
Amino Acids↗
Comparison of the effects of bicuculline and strychnine on brain stem auditory evoked potentials in the cat.
1 Experiments were performed to determine the effects of intravenously applied bicuculline and strychnine on the click-evoked brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) of cats. 2 The BAEP was not affected by bicuculline (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) administration. Strychnine (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.) administration caused a significant increase in the amplitude of peak 4, which is thought to be produced by potentials in the superior olive, lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. 3 These results suggest that strychnine blocks glycinergic inhibitory inputs to these auditory structures.
Animals↗
Baclofen and the brain stem auditory evoked potential.
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Acoustic Stimulation↗
Bicuculline, strychnine and depressant amino acid responses in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat.
Experiments were conducted in the cat anteroventral cochlear nucleus, comparing the actions of strychnine and bicuculline on amino acid-induced depression of spontaneous and evoked firing. Strychnine reduced responses induced by glycine, taurine and beta-alanine more than GABA or muscimol-induced responses. These latter responses were sensitive to bicuculline. Responses to single and paired tone bursts were not sensitive to strychnine or bicuculline applied either iontophoretically or intravenously. The results indicate that the receptors for depressant amino acids are similar to the receptors found in the cat in other brainstem and spinal cord sites, but differ from those found in the cerebellum, thalamus and cerebral cortex. The data also indicate that these amino acids are not involved either in the response to tone bursts at characteristic frequency or in the suppression of this response by a second, higher frequency tone.
Amino Acids↗
Morphology of the cochlear nucleus of the normal and reeler mutant mouse.
The morphology of the cochlear nuclei of normal and reeler mutant mice were studied in Nissl-stained sections. The cochlear nucleus in both mice is divisible into three parts: the anteroventral, posteroventral, and dorsal nuclei. Nine cell types can be recognized in the normal mouse. In the anteroventral nucleus spherical cells occupy the rostral pole. Globular cells are located caudally and extend to the interstitial region of the anteroventral nucleus. In the posteroventral nucleus multipolar cells are located rostrally and dark-staining cells occupy the caudal pole. Multipolar cells are also present in the anteroventral nucleus and in the deep region and molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The dorsal and lateral aspects of the ventral nuclei are covered by a granule cell layer. The dorsal nucleus consists of superficial molecular and pyramidal layers and a deep region. The deep region contains small and giant cells as well as multipolar cells. The pyramidal layer is made up of pyramidal cells, horizontal cells, and granule cells. Small cells are also present in the molecular layer and throughout the ventral nuclei. The dorsal cochlear nucleus of the reeler mutant mouse is disorganized and the molecular layer is reduced in thickness. The organization of the pyramidal layer is disrupted with granule cells superficial to pyramidal and horizontal cells. Cells which appear to be homologous to pyramidal cells are also present in the deep region of the dorsal nucleus. The total number of granule cells is reduced by an average of 42% over the whole nucleus and the reduction in granule cells is greatest in the granule cell cap covering the dorsal and lateral surface of the ventral cochlear nuclei. The cytoarchitecture of the ventral cochlear nucleus appears normal.
Animals↗
Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers and cell bodies in the cochlear nuclei of normal and reeler mutant mice.
Sections from the cochlear nuclei of normal and reeler mutant mice were treated by the method of Karnovsky and Roots ('64) for the demonstration of cholinesterase activity. In one group of controls ethopropazine was used to inhibit pseudocholinesterases and in another group BW 284C 51 was used to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The distribution of AChE-positive fibers in the normal mouse is given. The reeler mutant mouse differs from the normal in that there are no AChE-positive fibers in the dorsal nucleus, very few in the granule cell layer separating the dorsal from ventral nuclei, none in the granule cell layer covering the lateral aspect of the ventral nucleus, and the number in the posteroventral and caudal anteroventral nuclei are greatly reduced. Perisomatic terminals, small and large terminal boutons, and boutons en passant are present in both normal and reeler mutant mice. AChE-positive cell bodies are found in the deep region of the dorsal nucleus, the rostral part of the posteroventral nucleus, and the anteroventral nucleus of both normal and reeler mutant mice. The observations in the normal mouse are compared to the distribution of AChE-positive fibers and the types of terminals formed by noncochlear afferents in other species. Several possible causes of the lesion of the AChE-positive fibers in the reeler mutant mouse are considered.
Acetylcholinesterase↗