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Biomedical subjects

M Raadal

Publications and source records attributed to M Raadal.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Behavior problems in 5- to 11-year-old children from low-income families.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to survey the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores (behavioral section) in a nonclinical population of US urban children from low-income families and to compare the distribution and pattern of scores with the normative data in the CBCL manual (1991). METHOD: The sample consisted of 890 low-income children and a mother or female guardian selected randomly from among Seattle public school students aged 5 to 11 years. RESULTS: In this sample the total CBCL score as well as all subscale scores were significantly higher than the norms. The proportion of children who scored in the clinical/borderline range was also higher than the norm. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support previous work showing that poverty is a risk factor for mental distress in children. They also raise questions about the validity of the CBCL norms for screening or research purpose for low-income families.

Child↗
PubMed1993

The prevalence of caries in groups of children aged 4-5 and 7-8 years in Khartoum, Sudan.

A total of 544 children, 275 pre-school children (aged 4-5 years) and 269 school children (aged 7-8 years), were examined for dental caries using WHO criteria with some modifications. The children were resident in Khartoum, Sudan. The mean dmft was 1.68 in the 4-5-year group, and 58% of them were caries-free. In the 7-8-year group the mean dmft (molars and canines) was 2.77, and 33% of the children were caries-free. Most of the caries in both groups was untreated. In decayed teeth which were not beyond repair, occlusal caries was most prevalent in the pre-school group and approximal caries most prevalent in the school group. The mean DMFT in the 7-8-year group was 0.15, and only occlusal surfaces in first molars were affected. Ninety-four percent in the 7-year group and 88% in the 8-year group were caries-free in the permanent dentition. When the children were grouped according to their socio-economic level, there were no statistically significant differences in caries prevalence between the groups. Since this is the first comprehensive caries prevalence study of these age groups in Sudan, it is impossible to conclude whether caries is increasing or not. The prevalence of caries-free preschool children is above the global goal of FDI/WHO for the year 2000, but below the goal for developing countries.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Enamel defects in primary canines related to traditional treatment of teething problems in Sudan.

In parts of Sudan and some other countries, teething is thought to be the cause of severe health problems in infants, and a traditional treatment involves lancing the alveolar process over the unerupted canines with a heated needle, a procedure known as 'haifat'. Three hundred and ninety-eight children aged 4-8 years were examined for the presence of enamel defects on primary canines, and their parents or guardians were questioned regarding past teething problems and their treatment. Two hundred and fifty-eight (65%) of the children had experienced health problems that had been attributed to teething, and 89 (22%) had been subjected to 'haifat'. 'Haifat' had been practised by all socio-economic groups, but was most prevalent in the lower groups. Enamel defects on the buccal surface of the primary canines were found in 25 (28%) of the children in the 'haifat' group and in 25 (8%) of the other children.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Caries prevalence in primary teeth as a predictor of early fissure caries in permanent first molars.

The study aimed to examine the validity of employing the caries experience of the primary dentition for predicting early caries in the permanent first molar fissures. Subjects consisted of 192 children who were followed for 2 yr, 91 of whom were pursued for a further year, all receiving semiannual check-ups. The caries prevalence in the primary dentition (dmft), excluding incisors, was recorded at baseline, which was the year the children became 6. Fissure caries in the permanent first molars was recorded as being confined to enamel or dentin, based on findings during cavity preparation. The correlation between dmft and the number of intact permanent first molars was -0.368 and -0.337 after 2 and 3 yr observation respectively. When the children were grouped according to their dmft, a statistically significant relationship was found between the dmft and the number of intact molars in each individual. The positive and negative predictive values as well as the sensitivity and specificity of different dmft values were calculated, and the relationship between them illustrated by the use of ROC curves. Even if there are no specific dmft values which seem obviously favorable for the purpose, these data give information relevant in planning for large scale use of fissure sealing in preventing early fissure caries in permanent first molars.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Diagnosis of dentin involvement in occlusal caries based on visual and radiographic examination of the teeth.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of visual, radiographic and combined visual-radiographic examination of occlusal caries, with special reference to the diagnosis of dentin lesions, using the microscopic diagnosis after sectioning the teeth as validating criterion. Thirty extracted permanent molar teeth with signs of occlusal caries were selected and radiographed using a standard method similar to bitewing. Ten dentists, five from the Department of Cariology and Endodontics and five from the Department of Pedodontics, were asked to make a visual, radiographic and combined visual-radiographic caries examination with an interval of at least 1 month between different examinations. The teeth were sectioned bucco-lingually and the caries assessed as enamel or dentin lesion in a stereomicroscope. The sensitivity/specificity of the diagnoses of dentin lesions was 0.72/0.41 for the visual, 0.66/0.50 for the radiographic, and 0.86/0.64 for the combined visual-radiographic examinations. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) method revealed a statistically significant difference between combined visual-radiographic examination and the two other, but not between the isolated visual or radiographic examination. It is concluded that the combined use of visual and radiographic examination is better than either visual or radiographic examination alone.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1991

A two-year clinical trial comparing the retention of two fissure sealants.

A clinical evaluation of an experimental resin sealant (ICI 209085) was made by comparing it with a previously investigated and well recognized material (Light Cured Tinted Delton). The two materials were bilaterally placed in 117 pairs of teeth (48 premolars and 69 molars) in 60 children aged 6-14 years. The children were re-examined after 6, 12 and 24 months. The overall rates of full retention were 97.4% in teeth sealed with the experimental sealant and 96.6% in those sealed with the control sealant, while the corresponding figures for partial retention were 2.6% and 3.4%. From none of the teeth were the sealants totally lost. No carious lesions developed in the sealed fissures during the trial. It is concluded that the experimental sealant is comparable with the control sealant with respect to retention and caries prevention.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1991

[Five years evaluation of nitrous oxide sedation in dentistry].

Nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation in dental treatment has been used to a limited extent at the dental schools in Oslo and Bergen since the middle of the 1970-ies. Anesthetists were responsible for the sedation until 1983. Since then two dentists at the pedodontic departments, one in Oslo and one in Bergen, have been licensed for the use of nitrous oxide. The aim of this study was to evaluate dental treatment performed under nitrous oxide sedation in Bergen during the period 1983-88. Data from 435 treatment sessions in 151 patients were analysed. Most of the patients were children anxious of dental treatment. The acceptance was excellent in 315 (72.4%) and fair in 106 (24.4%) treatment sessions. The concentration of nitrous oxide being administered during the dental treatment was most frequently between 40% and 60%. The acceptance and cooperation from the patients were better with low concentrations of nitrous oxide than at higher levels. The side effects/complications were few and mild (4.1%). This study shows that nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation in dental treatment is excellent and safe for many patients that cannot be treated conventionally.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of a routine for prevention and treatment of fissure caries in permanent first molars.

Fissure sealing as well as fluoride varnish have shown good preventive effect against fissure caries in newly erupted teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a clinical routine in which these two methods were combined. The evaluation was done in a public dental clinic in Norway, and three dentists performed and evaluated the treatment. The population belonged to two different year classes (born 1978 and 1979), 196 in all, and they were followed semiannually from age 6 until 8 and 9 yr, respectively. The routine was as follows: all erupted permanent first molars without fissure caries were cleaned and painted with a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) every 6 months. Fissures showing incipient caries were opened with a rotating instrument and sealed if caries was restricted to the enamel. Amalgam fillings were placed if caries had progressed to the dentin. The operator time required for the fissure treatment was recorded. After 2 yr observation of children born in 1978 and 1979, 72% of the fissures were intact, 13% had been sealed, and 15% filled, and the corresponding figures after 3 yr (1978-children) were 65%, 15%, and 20%. In approximately 45% of the children all four permanent molars were intact, while about 12% had all molars sealed or filled. The average time spent for application of sealants was 4.1 min and for application of amalgam fillings 5.9 min.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Microleakage in fissures sealed with resin or glass ionomer cement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate if microleakage occurs in fissures after being sealed with a glass ionomer cement (Fuji III). Ten pairs of contralateral maxillary premolars, to be extracted for orthodontic reasons, were sealed in vivo. Glass ionomer cement was randomly used on one tooth and diluted composite on the contralateral. An air-polishing instrument was used for cleaning the fissures before sealing them. After 14 days the sealant status was recorded clinically and the teeth were extracted. They were placed in a 0.5% solution of methyl blue, subjected to a thermal cycling procedure, and finally sectioned. The sections were photographed in a stereomicroscope, and two observers recorded the microleakage according to a scoring system. Three glass ionomer sealings were clinically recorded as missing, one partly missing, and six intact, while all the resin sealings were present. Extensive leakage was seen in all glass ionomer specimens with dye penetration throughout the material as well as at the interface between cement and enamel. No leakage was seen in the composite specimens. Remnants of glass ionomer cement were observed in most of the sections from teeth which clinically seemed to have lost the sealing. This study indicates that Fuji III is poorly retained in the fissures, and that the material permits leakage even when it is fully retained. The material may, however, prevent caries by release of fluorides, and the fact that remnants of cement were found in fissures which clinically seemed to have lost it, indicates that this may even occur in cases with loss of retention.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1988

The efficiency of cleaning fissures with an air-polishing instrument.

It is important to remove organic material before sealing fissures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cleansing effect of an air-polishing instrument (Prophy Unit, 2000 Satelec). Nine pairs of newly erupted premolars were treated. One of the teeth was randomly selected for air-polishing; the contralateral one was cleaned with a rubber cup and a standardized solution of pumice. The teeth were immediately extracted and later photographed in a scanning electron microscope. The photos were mounted together, forming one large picture of each fissure. These pictures were split into pairs of contralateral sections, 22 pairs altogether. Three independent observers gave a score to the cleanest section within each pair. This evaluation was repeated after 7 weeks. The air-polished sections obtained 126.5 of 132 possible scores, whereas pumice was given only 5.5 (P = 0.0039). It is concluded that air-polishing is an effective pretreatment for fissure sealing of newly erupted teeth.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1984

Fissure sealing of permanent first molars in children receiving a high standard of prophylactic care.

The efficiency of sealing the occlusal fissures of permanent first molars was studied in a group of patients 6-9 yr of age receiving a high standard of prophylactic care. Very soon after the eruption one of the teeth in a homomaxillary pair was sealed, and the contralateral was used for control. The control teeth were painted with a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) every 6 months during the trial. 210 sites in 121 children were sealed and followed for a mean observation period of 23 months. At the end of the study, the retention rate was 62.9%, the percentage of effectiveness 24.2%, and the net gain 7.1%. The dmft index (primary molars and canines) was recorded for each patient at the time sealing was performed. A relationship between the caries prevalence in the primary teeth and the susceptibility for fissure caries in the control teeth was found. Effectiveness and net gain was highest in the group of children with 3-6 dmft.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in loaded teeth.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage around preventive composite fillings in teeth subjected to mechanical loading and thermal cycling, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel was partially removed without dentin exposure in 30 extracted maxillary pre-molars. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic) or composite diluted with varying amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent). Five teeth were not acid etched and served as a control group. All teeth were mechanically loaded and unloaded, simulating masticatory forces, and subsequently thermally cycled between two dye solutions. Extensive leakage was seen around all fillings in the control group, while slight leakage, restricted to the feather-edge margin, was seen in five teeth with acid etched cavities. Three of these contained undiluted composite fillings. Twenty teeth showed no leakage. The results show that preventive composite filling provides good sealing of occlusal fissures, and that the seal is resistant to those thermal and mechanical stresses which may be expected in vivo. The use of diluted composite resin in preventive composite fillings is recommended.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1978

Follow-up study of sealing and filling with composite resins in the prevention of occlusal caries.

A diluted composite resin (Concise diluted with Concise Enamel Bond) was used for fissure sealing and filling in 896 permanent first molars of 281 children, initially 5--7 years of age. Ordinary fissure sealing was used for fissures with no apparent caries, while a filling method was used after an explorative drilling with a small round bur (Ash No. 1/2) in fissures with incipient caries. On the basis of clinical evaluation every 6 months, the frequency of total retention of the composite material after different observation periods was calculated using the life table method. The rate of success in the fissure sealing group was 94.8% after 6 months, falling to 75.2% after 30 months. The corresponding data for the filled teeth were 92.6 % and 83.5%. It would seem that diluted composite resin is well suited for the prevention of caries in pits and fissures.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Abrasive wear of filled and unfilled resins in vitro.

The present investigation was initiated to evaluate the wear resistance of filled and unfilled resins which may be suitable for fissure sealing. Two commercial unfilled resins (Adaptic Glaze and Delton), three degrees of diluted composite (Adaptic diluted with Adaptic Bonding Agent) and undiluted composite (Adaptic) were studied. Abrasion was caused by 400-grit silicon carbide paper in a mechanical surface grinder. Ten specimens of each of the material samples were tested. The unfilled resins were abraded three to six times more readily than the composite samples. Undiluted composite was the most resistant, whereas samples of increasing degrees of dilution were abraded to increasing extents. However, even the most diluted composite, although very fluid, was at least three times more resistant than the unfilled samples. The results of this study indicate that adding inorganic filler particles to a resin, even in small amounts, greatly enhances the wear resistance of such materials.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1978

Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in occlusal fissures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluated the microleakage around preventive composite fillings used in occlusal fissures with incipient caries, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel of 30 extracted maxillary premolars were partially removed using a small round bur (Ash No. 1/2). Dentin was not exposed. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic) or composite diluted with different amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent). Five teeth were not etched before filling, and served as a control group. The teeth were cycled thermally between two dye solutions and the marginal penetration of dye was evaluated by examining sections of the crowns in a dissection microscope. Marginal leakage occurred in all the control teeth and in none of the acid-etched teeth. It may be concluded that the preventive composite filling therapy provides good sealing of pits and fissures with incipient caries, and that the consistency of the composite used is not of primary importance.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1978

Bond strength of composites applied to acid-etched enamel.

The adhesion to acid-etched enamel of a four-component composite, Concise Enamel Bond System, was studied. The composite was applied undiluted over an intermediate resin layer and diluted with different amounts of resin. Corresponding surfaces of contralateral premolars were used to ensure that the composite samples were tested on areas with similar enamel etch patterns. Eighty specimens were tested. The results of this study indicated that the adherence of undiluted composite to etched enamel surfaces was not improved by using an intermediate layer of low-viscous resin. Composite diluted with liquid resin had poorer adherence than undiluted composite. There was no difference in the results from two degrees of dilution.

Acid Etching, Dental↗