Biomedical subjects

M Rautiainen

Publications and source records attributed to M Rautiainen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1998

Long-term follow-up of the clinical relevance of short outer dynein arms in human nasal cilia.

Clinical significance of short outer dynein arms was examined in a long-term follow-up study of 76 patients with various respiratory symptoms. Clinical evaluations, nasal mucociliary transport rate (NMTR) measurement and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Follow-up examinations took place 5-11 years later. In the initial examination four patients and on follow-up seven patients were found to have short outer dynein arms in their nasal mucosal biopsies. Short dynein arms were associated with a slow NMTR, poorly coordinated ciliary beat direction, and clinical symptoms of perennial rhinitis and recurrent sinusitis. Short dynein arms were found to be a significant histologic finding and probably represent a variant of primary ciliary dyskinesia. In some cases short outer dynein arms may be a reversible finding with improving clinical symptoms. It is obvious that at least part of dynein defects are acquired.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Ciliary ultrastructure in experimental sinusitis.

Ultrastructure of respiratory cilia was observed in experimental sinusitis of rabbit maxillary sinuses. Sinus mucosa of 15 rabbits was inoculated with Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria and of 16 rabbits with Bacteroides fragilis bacteria. Specimens were taken during 12 weeks' observation time and they were studied by transmission electron microscopy from the cross-sections. A special emphasis was paid to the number of cilia, the ciliary orientation, the tubular anomalies, the presence of dynein arms and the compound cilia. It seems likely that pneumococcal sinusitis is a more toxic infection to the epithelium causing loss of ciliated cells and cilia than B. fragilis infection. In anaerobic infection ciliary ultrastructure remains normal and dynein arms as well as normal tubular ultrastructure were seen even after 12 weeks' infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Clinical relevance of tubulus anomalies and compound cilia.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from nasal mucosa and nasal mucociliary transport rate (MTR) with a radio-isotopic method were examined in 144 patients with various respiratory symptoms. Examinations were not performed during acute infections. In cases of increased amount of tubulus anomalies: nasal MTR was not significantly slower than in other patients, the disorientation of ciliary beat direction was significantly larger, there was no connection with increased amount of compound cilia and there was no correlation to any specific symptom or respiratory disease. In cases of increased amount of compound cilia: nasal MTR did not differ from other patients and the disorientation of ciliary beat direction did not differ from other patients. In a follow-up study of 76 patients 5-11 years (mean 9.3 years) later the amount of tubulus anomalies and compound cilia had changed in most patients. In patients with less symptoms at the follow-up than primarily, there was a non-significant tendency to have less tubulus anomalies, too, but no change in the amount of compound cilia. The amount of tubulus anomalies and compound cilia is not stable. Their number can either increase or decrease during a follow-up. Tubulus anomalies are non-specific and probably secondary changes of minor clinical importance and compound cilia would seem to be quite irrelevant findings in the ultrastructural evaluation of respiratory cilia.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Humoral responses to bovine dust in dairy farmers with allergic rhinitis.

During the indoor cattle feeding season, dairy farmers are continuously exposed to allergenic bovine-derived materials for a long time every year. Limited information is available about the dynamics of exposed people's antibody responses under the influence of this kind of exposure. In this study, the level of antibodies to bovine epithelial antigen (BEA) was found to reflect the level of clinical allergy. On the other hand, the level of immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgA and IgG antibodies to bovine urinary antigen (BUA) was lower in the group of bovine-allergic farmers than among other farmers. It was concluded that antibodies to different allergen extracts reflect different phenomena. Antibodies to BEA seem to be associated more with allergic symptoms, where as anti-BUA antibodies might reflect the level of bovine exposure. The indoor cattle feeding season did not cause any major changes in dairy farmers' humoral responses. The continued allergen exposure did not increase the level of sensitization as determined by antibody responses.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMed1997

Functional vs. radical maxillary surgery. Failures after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Randomized FES or Caldwell-Luc (C-L) operations were performed in 150 patients suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis during 1987-1989. Follow-up examination was done for 143 patients (95%) 1 year postoperatively. Although 15 patients had already deceased, questionnaires were obtained from 128 patients (85%) 5-9 years after operation. One year after surgery 51% of the C-L patients and 77% of the FES patients reported no symptoms or distinct improvement in their global symptoms, whereas 5-9 years postoperatively 82% of the C-L and 76% of the FES patients reported this outcome, respectively. Thirteen C-L operated patients (18%) and 14 FES patients (20%) have been reoperated during 7-9 years follow-up. In most cases revision surgery was done for polyposis or maxillary sinusitis. In the long term, altogether 21 patients (28%), including 14 reoperated patients, were failures after FES. These included also 4 patients with global symptoms unchanged at late inquiry and 3 other patients, though getting better, reported unwillingness for FES operation if they had known the result beforehand.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1997

Results of dacryocystorhinostomy in 96 patients.

Between years 1895 and 1995, 112 patients underwent dacryocystorhinostomy in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Tampere University Hospital. A questionnaire considering the recent symptoms of patients was sent to 108 patients. Four of the patients have died. Ninety-six patients returned the questionnaire. Seventy-nine (61 primary operations) lacrimal systems underwent dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) by external approach (Toti) and 25 (23 primary operations) by transnasal approach (West). Mean follow-up time was 5 years and 8 months. In extranasal DCR group 13% (8/61) of patients required a re-operation and of the others 85% (45/53) were satisfied with the result and still chose the same operation. In transnasal surgery group 30% (7/23) of patients required a re-operation and of the others 56% (9/16) were satisfied and still chose the same operation. Twelve extranasal DCR were made due to trauma or congenital deficiency and 67% of them reported relief of their symptoms. In both groups the results were significantly better if silicon tubes were introduced after operation between eye and nose to keep the lacrimal system open.

Dacryocystorhinostomy↗

PubMed1995

Effects of oxygen radicals on ciliary motility in cultured human respiratory epithelial cells.

There are few reports about direct effects of specific oxygen products on ciliary function because of their instability and reactivity. We investigated the direct effects of superoxide anion (O2-) and of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the ciliary function of human respiratory epithelial cells, using monolayer cell cultures, high speed video analysis of frequency (CBF), amplitude (CBA), and coordination of ciliary beats and evaluating the surface structural changes of ciliated cells at the same time. 10(-2) M H2O2 decreased ciliary beat activity. The CBF was 36.5 +/- 4.4% and the CBA was 51.0 +/- 3.8% of the baseline (time = 0) after 5 min (all p < 0.001). Catalase (2 micrograms/ml) abolished the ciliotoxic effect of H2O2. The O2- produced by reaction of xanthine (0.06 mM)-xanthine oxidase (0.04 U/ml) caused a temporary rapid increase of 26.8 +/- 1.7% in CBF and an increase of 42.5 +/- 4.1% in CBA after 15 sec (all p < 0.001). Superoxide dismutase significantly reduced these increases. Results indicated that O2- activated ciliary function with a temporary increase in O2(-)-production. This suggests that the removal of H2O2 from the O2- reaction is important in improving mucociliary clearance in excessive oxygen metabolites.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1995

Scanning electron microscopy findings of human respiratory cilia in chronic sinusitis and in recurrent respiratory infections.

Acute and chronic infections cause morphological changes in the respiratory mucosa. The ultrastructure of human respiratory mucosa was studied by scanning electron microscopy from the maxillary sinuses of 28 patients, with chronic sinusitis, from middle turbinates of 60 patients, with recurrent respiratory infections, and from healthy sphenoidal sinuses of 31 patients. A loss of ciliated cells and an increasing number of nonciliated columnar cells with microvilli were seen in 62 per cent of the maxillary sinus mucosa. Ciliary disorientation was seen in 81 per cent of the chronically infected sinus mucosa and eight per cent in the healthy sphenoidal sinuses. Also metaplasia and extrusion of epithelial cells were prominent in chronic infections. Compound cilia were seen in 52 per cent of the samples from patients with chronic sinusitis and in 31 per cent of the healthy sphenoidal sinuses. Short cilia were often seen in infected mucosa indicating ciliogenesis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The correlation of mucociliary transport and scanning electron microscopy of nasal mucosa.

The ciliary ultrastructure studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nasal mucociliary transport rate (MTR) measured by a radioisotopic method and their correlation with each other were studied in 56 patients with recurrent or chronic respiratory infections. Patients were divided into three groups according to MTR. The number of pathological SEM findings increased remarkably in groups with moderate or poor MTR. Loss of ciliated cells and microvilli were seen in 86% of specimens with poor MTR, in 71% with moderate MTR, and in 50% with good MTR. There was ciliary disorientation in 45% of cases with poor MTR compared with 25% in cases with good MTR. Epithelial metaplasia and the number of short cilia increased in groups with poor or moderate MTR.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Gold coating of respiratory cilia for scanning electron microscopy.

The optimal thickness of gold coating of cilia for scanning electron microscopy was studied using respiratory mucosa obtained from pigs. We tested 8 different coating times, from 10 seconds to 4 minutes, which resulted in gold layer thicknesses varying from 16 +/- 1 nm to 100 +/- 3 nm. The thickness of the gold layer with a coating time of 60 seconds and voltage of 2.5 kV was 43 +/- 5 nm. This thickness of gold layer gave good image quality without causing any electric charging. With thinner gold films, the amount of electric charging increased. When the coating time was longer, the gold layer was thicker but image quality did not improve. The thicknesses of the gold layers were measured using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Scanning and transmission electron microscopic findings in cilia from human nasal turbinate and sinus mucosa following respiratory infection.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the ultrastructure of human respiratory cilia in 34 patients with chronic or recurrent respiratory infections and 11 control patients. Specimens of pathological mucosa were taken from 12 maxillary sinuses and 22 middle turbinates. Control tissues were taken from middle turbinates or from sphenoid sinuses during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Findings in control tissues or specimens with minimal amounts of pathological findings showed that TEM and SEM findings correlated well. TEM revealed axoneme structure better, while much larger populations of cilia could be studied three-dimensionally with SEM. SEM also was the better study when cilia orientations or lengths were evaluated. Optimal examination of ciliary ultrastructure required both TEM and SEM studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Ciliary motility and surface morphology of cultured human respiratory epithelial cells during ciliogenesis.

We used human respiratory epithelial cells in floating culture to study the motility and surface morphology of the cilia during ciliogenesis. Ciliary motility and surface morphology was examined by a high-speed video system and electron microscopy, respectively. On day 8 of floating culture, but rarely before, cells with numerous moving short cilia with mean ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of 17.8 +/- 2.5 Hz (mean +/- SD) were seen. The mean CBF was highest on day 10 (19.6 +/- 3.9 Hz) and reached 17.4 +/- 2.5 Hz on day 14. The ciliary beat amplitude (CBA) was recognized on day 8, abruptly increased on day 9, then continued with aging of the culture. The intracellular coordination of ciliary beats was poor on day 8 with random beat direction but improved up to day 12 when the intracellular uniform beat direction was established. However, intercellular coordination remained absent even on day 14. Results suggest that immature short cilia have a rigid beat pattern. With the elongation of the resulting whip-like movement, the ciliary beat was gradually synchronized. Although a ciliary elongation seems to be required for making intracellular coordination, other factors are involved in intercellular coordination. Also, a high CBF does not always indicate the activity of mature cilia.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1994

Effect of exogenous ATP and physical stimulation on ciliary function impaired by bacterial endotoxin.

The effects of exogenous ATP and physical stimulation on ciliary beat depressed by lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in cell culture. Both the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and the amplitude (CBA) of human respiratory cells in monolayer cell cultures were studied by using a differential interference microscope equipped with a high speed video. Both the ATP and the physiol stimulation stimulated temporarily the depressed CBF and CBA. In both groups the CBF and CBA increased in 1 min to the initial level and then gradually decreased to the level before the stimulation. The duration of the ATP stimulation on the CBF (10.1 +/- 1.8 min) and CBA (10.1 +/- 2.3 min) were significantly better than the duration of physical stimulation on CBF (8.0 +/- 1.8 min) and CBA (6.8 +/- 1.6 min). However, the areas under the CBF/CBA curves (from the beginning of stimulation until the initial level of CBF or CBA was reached again) did not differ significantly. After the removal of the bacterial toxin the CBF was restored to the initial level. In the present study the adenosine receptor antagonist could not prevent the ciliostimulative effect of exogenous ATP combined with the physical stimulation. Both exogenous ATP and physical stimulation have a clear but temporary stimulative effect on the ciliary beat depressed by bacterial toxin, ATP being slightly more effective. It seems that the effects of ATP are not mediated by adenosine receptors.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1993

Degeneration of human respiratory cell ciliary beat in monolayer cell cultures.

The degeneration of ciliary beat of human respiratory cells was studied in monolayer cell cultures by using a differential interference microscope equipped with a high speed video system. This method for studying ciliary beat in cell cultures on collagen-coated cover glasses is quite advantageous, because it allows for detailed study of all parts of ciliary function and not just ciliary beat frequency (CBF). In the present study both CBF and ciliary beat amplitude (CBA) were found to decrease continuously from the 1st day after plating but the wave form of ciliary beat did not change. Cultures with high cell density provided better preservation of normal ciliary beat for a longer period. In contrast, ciliary beat degenerated quickly in cultures with low cell density. CBF and CBA in cell cultures less than 5 days after plating were always high, supporting use of these cultures for studies of normal ciliary motility.

Cell Movement↗

PubMed1993

Effect of exogenous ATP on ciliary beat of human ciliated cells studied with differential interference microscope equipped with high speed video.

To study the detailed effects of exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on ciliary function, we used the differential interference microscope equipped with high speed video and evaluated ciliated cells from the human sinus mucosa in monolayer culture. With this system it was possible to evaluate all parts of ciliary motility with a minimum of interference from the mucous membrane, secretory cells and the autonomic nervous system. The best direct ciliostimulative effect of exogenous ATP on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat amplitude (CBA) was observed at concentrations of ATP ranging from 10(-5) M to 10(-3) M. Exogenous ATP appeared to normalize the slightly damaged ciliary motility in groups with an initial CBF of 14 Hz or higher. When the CBF was less than 14 Hz, ATP produced an increase in CBF greater than 40%, an increase in CBA greater than 30%, but these did not reach the normal level in 5 min. The biggest increases: 59.9% in CBF and 40.7% in CBA were seen in the group with an initial CBF less than 9 Hz. In the cells with a low initial CBF and unsynchronized motility exogenous ATP increased the synchrony of ciliary movement together with an increase in CBF and CBA.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1992

Ultrastructural changes in human nasal cilia caused by the common cold and recovery of ciliated epithelium.

Changes in the ultrastructure of human respiratory cilia caused by the common cold were studied in 12 patients. The nasal mucosa was studied three times: on the first or second day after the beginning of symptoms, and 1 week and 3 weeks after the first biopsy. The damage was most severe at 1 week. The most remarkable finding was the loss of cilia and ciliated cells. However, the ultrastructure was usually normal, without any increase in tubular anomalies, as compared with the normal material of the previous reports. Three weeks after the beginning of the disease the number of cilia and ciliated cells had increased to nearly normal. However, as a sign of regeneration, immature short cilia (0.7 to 2.5 microns in length) were often seen. The ciliary orientation was uniform, dynein arms were normal, and there was no increase in the number of tubular anomalies. The results suggest that the impaired mucociliary function during viral infections is due to the loss of cilia and ciliated cells, rather than to ultrastructural anomalies in the cilia. The development of tubular anomalies and random ciliary orientation may require more extensive exposure to factors affecting ciliary function.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1992

Ciliary beat of cultured human respiratory cells studied with differential interference microscope and high speed video system.

The ciliary beating of upper respiratory tract cells cultured on cover glasses was studied by using differential interference microscope equipped with high speed video. By culturing the cells on collagen coated cover glasses, objectives with higher magnifications could be used. With this system we could evaluate not only ciliary beat frequency, but also amplitude, wave form, orientation and synchrony of ciliary beating. Also some structural anomalies such as compound cilia and tide cilia bundles could be recognized. Ciliary beat frequency measured from 1,026 ciliated cells was 20.6 +/- 4.7 Hz (mean +/- SD). The orientation of ciliary beat directions was random and the mean standard deviation for measured angles was 73.0 degrees +/- 28.9 degrees (mean SD +/- SD). When the ciliary beat frequency was 20 Hz, the time used for effective phase was 0.022 +/- 0.002 s (mean +/- SD), and 0.028 +/- 0.004 s (mean +/- SD) for the recovery phase of beat. This system is advantageous for studying ciliary function because all parts can be studied simultaneously with higher magnification, and the effects of chemical physical mediators can be studied without disturbing effects of the autonomic nervous system or secretory cells. Also, the same cells could be observed before and after challenge with test medication and thus evaluated more accurately.

Cilia↗

PubMed1992

Nasal sensitization of dairy farmers to bovine epithelial and urinary antigens.

Nineteen dairy farmers with nasal symptoms associated with working in cowhouses participated in the study. Nasal challenge with bovine epithelial antigen (BEA) and bovine urinary antigen (BUA) was made before and after the indoor feeding season. Nasal challenge made before the indoor feeding season with BEA was positive in five patients and three of them showed positive reaction in nasal challenge also with BUA. After the indoor feeding season the results in nasal challenge with BEA were approximately equal to BEA and four of them showed positive response in nasal challenge to BUA. However, we did not find any significant increase in sensitivity in nasal challenge to BEA or BUA after the indoor feeding season. In addition to these patients, two patients who were excluded from nasal challenge before the indoor feeding season showed positive results in nasal challenge after the indoor feeding season with both BEA and BUA. Our results suggest that BUA in addition to BEA may have significance to nasal symptoms.

Adult↗