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Biomedical subjects

M S Buchsbaum

Publications and source records attributed to M S Buchsbaum.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

An 18-month followup of students biologically at risk for psychiatric problems.

A prospective investigation using platelet monoamine oxidase activity and cortical evoked response augmenting/reducing to predict the onset of new episodes of affective disorders was conducted in a college sample. During an 18-month period between clinical interviews, higher incidences of major depression and hypomania characterized the low MAO/aociated with affective psychopathology in the original retrospective study.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1980

Parents of high risk subjects defined by levels of monoamine oxidase activity.

Thirty-seven parents of probands with low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity levels and 38 parents of high MAO probands were examined for MAO activity, past and present psychopathology, and reported psychopathology in other relatives. Results showed generally positive and significant correlations between parents' and children's MAO levels, significantly greater rates of "high MAO related" disorders in parents and relatives of high MAO probands and of "low MAO related" disorders and symptoms in parents and relatives of low MAO probands. Support for a two-directional monoamine hypothesis of affective disorders is suggested.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1980

Schizophrenia and platelet monoamine oxidase: research strategies.

The most widely replicated neurochemical finding in schizophrenia is that of lower levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the platelets of chronic schizophrenics than in normal controls. Yet, the etiological role of MAO in schizophrenia remains to be demonstrated. The incidence of low MAO in other psychiatric disorders, effects of diet, hormones and drugs, and relationships of platelet MAO to brain levels and genetic mechanisms remain unclear. This article examines factors which make any biological indicator suitable for use as a diagnostic test for schizophrenia and inquires into the methodological pitfalls and unexamined assumptions of various research strategies which use this measure.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Perceptual abnormalities in patients with chromatin negative gonadal dysgenesis and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

The performance of 16 adult patients with chromatin negative gonadal dysgenesis was compared with that of normal men and women, and with patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on a series of perceptual tasks chosen to assess speed and spatial abilities. The tasks included reaction time, embedded figures, rod and frame, size estimation, category width, broken figures, hidden figures, and incidental noticing. Male and female patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and patients with 45,X showed significantly higher rod and frame scores than either normal males or females. Patients with 45,X also revealed higher set indexes on the reaction time test, narrower categories, and more difficulty with visual organization. Comparison with the hypogonadotropic hypogonadal patients suggested that perceptual speed seemed influenced more by genetic factors whereas visual spatial ability and the use of perceptual context appeared more related to hormonal factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma prolactin concentrations in man.

Increases in plasma prolactin concentrations produced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, varied inversely with baseline platelet monoamine oxidase activity in 12 patients with chronic schizophrenia. In normal volunteers with low monoamine oxidase activity and in unmedicated patients with chronic schizophrenia, plasma prolactin concentrations varied directly with platelet monoamine oxidase activity. No such relationship was found in normal subjects with high platelet monoamine oxidase activity. These data suggest that platelet monoamine oxidase activity reflects monoaminergic activity in the tubero-infundibular system, which in turn affects plasma prolactin concentrations. This relationship may be important in patients with low platelet monoamine oxidase activity, such as some chronic schizophrenics.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1979

Comparative behavioral effects of clorgyline and pargyline in man: a preliminary evaluation.

The antidepressant and other behavioral effects of clorgyline, a preferential inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A, were compared with those of pargyline, a preferential inhibitor of MAO type B, in 16 depressed patients. In a subgroup of more severely depressed patients, clorgyline treatment for 4 weeks resulted in significant improvement on both observer-rated and self-rated scales, while minimal changes occurred during pargyline treatment. Similarly, in a crossover study that included 8 patients examined with multiple scales, clorgyline had generally greater antidepressant and antianxiety effects than did pargyline, although pargyline had some activating effects and also tended to produce more side effects. MAO type A inhibition may be more important than MAO type B inhibition for antidepressant efficacy.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1979

Extreme MMPI scores and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Screening college men for psychopathology.

This study compares psychiatric evaluations made with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) to evaluations with a standard clinical interview and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The purpose was to generate a nonhospitalized, previously undiagnosed sample of persons who had psychiatric difficulties or symptoms. Of 385 college male volunteers, 56 with scores at least 3 SD above the mean on at least one MMPI scale were chosen as an index group, and 27, with all MMPI scores within normal limits, as a control group. In the index group, 82% met the RDC for at least one diagnosis, whereas only 22% of the control sample met the RDC for any diagnosis. One index subject met the RDC for schizophrenia; 15 met the RDC for a major affective disorder. Some correspondence between specific MMPI profile code types and RDC diagnoses was evident. Thus, researchers can identify a range of psychopathology meeting the RDC by using MMPI screening in a nonhospital setting. Such a research sample, free from the possible artifacts of hospitalization, drug treatment, and diagnostic labeling, can be useful particularly in testing hypotheses concerning the biological correlates of psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Biologic heterogeneity and psychiatrict research. Platelet MAO activity as a case study.

This article examines current research strategies in biological psychiatry and the possible effects of biological heterogeneity on these strategies. First, the limited power of t test comparisons of measurements obtained from groups of patients and controls is demonstrated through a computer simulation. Second, we examine statistically the data from 14 recent platelet MAO studies to see if the heterogeneity in results of these studies could relate to an underlying biological heterogeneity. Finally, we suggest research methods we believe may be more useful than the current standard paradigm for elucidating the biological etiologies of psychiatric syndromes.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1979

Analgesia to pain stimuli in schizophrenics and its reversal by naltrexone.

Psychophysical pain ratings and somatosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were studied in 17 off-medication patients with schizophrenia and 17 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Five of the 17 schizophrenic patients also participated in a clinical trial of naltrexone. In comparison with normal controls, schizophrenic patients were significantly more insensitive to painful stimulation (based on nonparametric analogues of d'from signal detection analysis) and had significantly smaller somatosensory EPs to painful stimuli. Schizophreniucs treated with naltrexone showed significant increases in EP amplitude at higher stimulus intensities and hyperalgesic effects on pain ratings.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Research in endorphins and schizophrenia.

It has been suggested that the newly discovered endogenous opiate peptides (called endorphins) might play a role in the symptoms of schizophrenia. The administration of narcotic antagonists provides both a test of the hypothesis and a potential treatment. In this article, we review the methods by which data have been gathered to test endorphin involvement in schizophrenia. Alternative strategies, which hold greater promise of producing conclusive positive or negative evidence, include exploitation of individual differences, use of psychophysiological measures, genetic strategies, and multivariate statistical techniques with larger sample sizes.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1979

Paranoia and platelet MAO in normals and nonschizophrenic psychiatric groups.

The authors compared the correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the Paranoia (Pa) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in several groups. The data suggest that there is a positive association between high MAO activity and high scores on the Pa scale but only in samples with psychopathology.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

Analgesia to painful stimuli in affective illness.

Patients with bipolar and unipolar affective illness (N = 76) were compared with 48 control subjects on a psychophysical pain rating procedure using both threshold and signal detection analysis. Affectively ill patients were more analgesic than controls, and depressed men were significantly more analgesic than depressed women or control subjects. Bipolar men showed a different pattern of analgesia than unipolar patients. Pain appreciation in depressed patients may be related to endogenous opiate-like substances; this could be assessed in narcotic antagonist studies of pain-tolerant depressed subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Platelet MAO activity and evoked potentials in the identification of subjects biologically at risk for psychiatric disorders.

Individuals potentially at risk for psychiatric disorders were identified by screening 375 college student volunteers for low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity levels. The lower and upper 10% in MAO activity were administered a personal and family history interview, psychological tests and average evoked response (AER) electroencephalographic procedures. Results indicated that low MAO males and females were socially more active, had more psychiatric contact, and had relatives who were psychiatrically more disturbed than high MAO subjects. Low MAO males had more convictions, experimented more with illegal drugs and had elevated scores on the MMPI. AER criteria further defined a high risk group of low MAO-AER augmenters which had more suicides among their relatives and higher scores on the schizophrenia scale of the MMPI.

Adolescent↗