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Biomedical subjects

M S Buchsbaum

Publications and source records attributed to M S Buchsbaum.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Impaired smooth pursuit eye movement: vulnerability marker for schizotypal personality disorder in a normal volunteer population.

Impaired smooth pursuit eye movement has been proposed as a possible biologic marker for schizophrenia. Preliminary studies have suggested that this impairment may be associated with social introversion and related psychopathology in a nonpsychiatric population. To evaluate the relationship between dysfunctional smooth pursuit eye movement and schizophrenia-related psychopathology, the authors screened a new, volunteer sample of 284 male college students for eye tracking accuracy. Volunteers identified as low-accuracy trackers were significantly more likely to be diagnosed (blindly) as having a schizotypal personality disorder by DSM-III criteria than those identified as high-accuracy trackers. The authors suggest that disordered smooth pursuit eye movement may reflect a vulnerability marker for schizotypal personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Correlational methods for determining regional coupling of cerebral glucose metabolism: a pilot study.

The current study presents an alternate method of analyzing PET data by means of a correlational approach. Correlational or coupling patterns of regional cerebral glucose metabolism were found for normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia under electric shock stimulation. At two levels (91 mm and 78 mm) significant differences were found between the coupling patterns of normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia. For the normals, the obtained correlational maps were consistent with the sensory input. However, such patterns were not found for the patients with schizophrenia. Therefore it is suggested that the outlined analysis procedure may complement the standard approach of comparing the mean metabolic rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Zimelidine effects on memory impairments produced by ethanol.

Zimelidine, a relatively specific 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake blocker, attenuates the impairing effects of ethanol on learning and memory. The findings provide a potential basis for treatment of ethanol-related disorders and also points to the role of the serotonin system in mediating aspects of information processing in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of serotonin on memory impairments produced by ethanol.

Subjects treated with low or high doses of ethanol demonstrated impaired memory, particularly in tests involving the recall of poorly learned information. Zimelidine, an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, reversed this ethanol-induced impairment. The serotonin neurotransmitter system may mediate learning and memory in humans and may determine some of the effects of alcohol on higher mental functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pain enhances naloxone-induced hyperalgesia in humans as assessed by somatosensory evoked potentials.

The effect of 8 mg IV naloxone on pain appreciation was studied with electric shocks administered to the left forearm of 20 normal volunteers. Pain sensitivity was assessed with a psychophysical task and with evoked potentials (EP) to the pain stimuli which were found sensitive to opiate agonists and antagonists in previous experiments. Naloxone-induced hyperalgesia before and after 20 min of intermittent shock was assessed in a 3-day placebo crossover experiment designed to provide control comparisons of time effects. EP amplitude enhancement with naloxone was significantly greater following 20 min of shocks than preceding them, while pain judgments were not significantly affected. Thus, naloxone increases pain sensitivity, especially after prolonged pain stimulation. This finding is consistent with endorphin mediation of stress-induced analgesia and raises the question of whether this type of response decrement over time is related to the phenomena of habituation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Psychopathology: biological approaches.

The current state of the biological approaches to psychopathology is chaotic; no markers have been accepted despite the fact that dozens have resulted in promising, if not dramatic, results. Under the current requirement for diagnostic specificity, we suspect that no marker will ever be accepted. As we have suggested, research using alternative views of diagnosis, vulnerability, and heterogeneity may hold greater promise for the 1980s. Psychiatric diagnosis will be metamorphosized by research shifting the biological marker from dependent variable to independent criterion. New diagnostic categories may be created around marker rather than symptom variables. This could lead to new labels for old familiar and perhaps pejorative categories. Similarly, treatment would be aimed at understanding specific brain dysfunction of each distressed individual. This would be done with laboratory tests of neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, and metabolic function. Psychophysiological and psychological testing would complete such an evaluation. The response would be an individualized combination of somatic and nonsomatic treatment. At the present time, several markers are just at the edge between research tools and clinical usefulness (see review by Uytdenhoef et al 1982); new strategies may bring one or more into clinical practice. Finally, the use of markers in relatives or even the general population will open new opportunities for prevention in vulnerable individuals.

Adoption↗
PubMed1983

Neuropsychological characteristics of college males who show attention dysfunction.

400 male college students were screened on a measure of vigilance, the Continuous Performance Test. A Good Attention Group (upper 5% of the CPT score distribution) and a Poor Attention Group (lower 5%) were selected and compared on a series of perceptual and motor tests. The Good Attention Group was superior to the Poor Attention Group on most of the measures. The largest differences were found on tests assessing perceptual-motor organization. Attention dysfunction in this non-patient sample seems to be associated with performance deficits. Over-all, the pattern of neuropsychological results seen in the Poor Attention Group is not similar to the pattern seen in patients with lateralized brain damage but appears more similar to that seen in those with bilateral and diffuse cortical damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cerebral metabolic consequences of electrical cutaneous stimulation in normal individuals.

Local cerebral uptake of deoxyglucose labeled with fluorine (FDG) was measured by positron emission tomography in 21 normal adult controls. Seven subjects received FDG while resting in a dark room and fourteen while receiving unpleasant electrical stimulation of their right forearm in a dark room. All subjects showed greater glucose use in the anterior than in the posterior cerebral cortex. Electrical stimulation of the right forearm was associated with greater left than right glucose use in the region of the postcentral, but not precentral gyrus. The antero-posterior gradient in glucose use was increased at the level of the inferior frontal gyrus by the electrical stimulation. The data are consistent with the hyperfrontal pattern reported for regional cerebral blood flow and suggest that glucose use gradients across large brain areas are sensitive to sensory stimulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Cerebral glucography with positron tomography. Use in normal subjects and in patients with schizophrenia.

Local cerebral uptake of deoxyglucose labeled with fluorine 18 was measured by positron-emission tomography in eight patients with schizophrenia who were not receiving medication and in six age-matched normal volunteers. Subjects sat in an acoustically treated, darkened room with eyes closed after injection of 3 to 5 mCi of deoxyglucose 18F. After uptake, seven to eight horizontal brain scans parallel to the canthomeatal line were done. Scans were treated digitally, with a 2.3-cm strip peeled off each slice and ratios to whole-slice activity computed. Patients with schizophrenia showed lower ratios in the frontal cortex, indicating relatively lower glucose use than normal control subjects; this was consistent with previously reported studies of regional cerebral blood flow. Patients also showed diminished ratios for a 2.3-cm square that was positioned over central gray-matter areas on the left but not on the right side. These findings are preliminary; issues of control of mental activity, brain structure identification, and biologic and anatomic heterogeneity of schizophrenia remain to be explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Smooth pursuit eye tracking impairment: relation to other 'markers' of schizophrenia and psychologic correlates.

Smooth pursuit eye tracking impairment has been observed in the major psychoses, particularly schizophrenia. To understand better the relationship of smooth pursuit disruption to personality dispositions linked to psychiatric syndromes and to two other "marker variables" associated with psychosis (low platelet monoamine oxidase [MAO] activity and poor performance on the continuous performance task [CPT]), we studied the psychologic, biochemical, and psychophysiologic correlates of impaired smooth pursuit tracking in two nonpsychiatric patient populations. One sample consisted of 67 volunteers screened for extreme values in a distribution of platelet MAO activities, and the second included 29 volunteers screened for extreme scores on the CPT. An aggregate of about 5% of both samples showed clearly dysfunctional smooth pursuit. Eye tracking dysfunction did not seem to be related to either MAO or CPT performance in either study. Both studies were consistent in showing that subjects with impaired smooth pursuit eye tracking had a psychologic profile characterized particularly by social introversion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Computer generation of surface distribution maps of measures of brain activity.

A laboratory computer system in described which will rapidly generate gray-scale maps showing the distribution of measures derived from the electrical activity of the brain, such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) or other biological measures. The system allows flexible description of electrode number and placement, mapping onto any shaped space and rapid generation of maps by integration with the data collection software.

Brain↗
PubMed1982

A new system for gray-level surface distribution maps of electrical activity.

This report describes an integrated anatomical, electrophysiological and data management system for presenting cortical surface distribution maps. Approximately equal area projections (lateral and top) were constructed from a cross-sectional whole head atlas. Anatomical landmarks (major sulcus and gyrus locations) were also located on the outline. The outline and weights for interpolation are stored in the computer, with software for map generation directly from multilead EEG or evoked potential data. Electrode position and number can be easily varied and mapped onto any shaped space using the same program. Data derived from other sources such as xenon blood flow, brain scans or positron emission tomography can similarly be presented. The program uses a laboratory computer and emphasizes simplicity of data management and a mapping algorithm which is applicable to many forms of data.

Brain↗
PubMed1982

2-year follow-up of subjects and their families defined as at risk for psychopathology on the basis of platelet MAO activities. 2-year follow-up of low platelet MAO.

College students hypothesized as being at risk for psychiatric dysfunction solely on the basis of their MAO platelet activities were briefly interviewed 2 years after completion of initial studies. These 33 low-MAO subjects reported more job instability than 30 high-MAO control subjects. Moreover, the low-MAO males had fallen about half a year behind their high-MAO counterparts in school. No differences in other aspects of social status or psychosocial problems had developed, although the low-MAO subjects smoked significantly more cigarettes and tended to report more major or minor medical problems. While the low-MAO subjects reported no significant decline in their own mental health status during this period, more low-MAO male subjects did report mental health problems in their families, especially depression, alcoholism, and suicide attempts, as well as significantly more mental health interventions among family members, such as psychiatric visits, prescription of psychotropic medication, and psychiatric hospitalization.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Brain imaging.

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Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1982

Topographic cortical mapping of EEG sleep stages during daytime naps in normal subjects.

Computer-generated cortical maps of power spectral estimates derived from 16 leads were drawn based on daytime sleep recordings in four normal volunteers. These data were compiled from nine 10-s artifact-free, EEG epochs from awake, stages 1-4 and REM sleep in each volunteer. EEG leads were placed on the left hemisphere and midline according to the 10-20 system with four additional interpolated posterior locations. Magnitude spectral estimates with 1 Hz resolution and adjacent frequencies (delta 2-4, alpha 8-12, beta 13-18) were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (lead by sleep stage). Delta activity was relatively uniform and of low amplitude in awake, eyes-closed subjects, and REM. Delta power increased at the vertex in stage 1. With progressing, non-REM sleep stages, it increased in power and enlarged radially to the intraparietal sulcus posteriorly, and the superior frontal gyrus anteriorly. Comparison of maps with ear and a computed average reference yielded similar topographic patterns. Alpha activity was expectedly maximal occipitally in awake subjects, but surprisingly a frontal area appeared in slow wave sleep. Beta activity in awake subjects was low and maximal parietally; stages 1 and REM showed even lower and more uniform distribution. Stage 2 showed the greatest power, concentrated at the vertex, with stages 3 and 4 diminishing. These data suggest that sleep stages are not completely uniform electrophysiologically across the cortex. This opens the possibility for a new method for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and alternatives in sleep staging.

Adult↗