The unique reticulum in the basal membrane of the adult newt's skin consists of a series of nodular swellings from which there radiate fibers. Electron micrographic studies showed that the nodules consist of layers of fibrillae arranged approximately and irregularly at right angles to one another. Some are packed to form a capsule; still others extend into the internodular zone to form the radiating fibers. The fibrils are banded and are revealed best after fixation with potassium permanganate. The reticulum is compared with that of the larval newt and the frog tadpole. The epidermal side of the reticulum is bounded by a membrane separated from the plasma wall of the epidermal cell by a clear space. These we have termed adepidermal membrane and space, and have compared them with similar structures in larvae.

Animals↗

PubMed1958

Metachromasy: an experimental and theoretical reevaluation.

Non-chromotropic substances such as fibrin and gelatin and most tissue and cellular structures stain orthochromatically with internal dye concentrations of such metachromatic dyes as methylene blue and toluidine blue which, if in solution, would be metachromatic. Therefore, at ordinary levels of staining these substances depress the natural tendency of these dyes to change color. However, at elevated levels of dye-binding metachromasy eventually occurs. This phenomenon is explained on the basis of the distribution of dye-binding sites. In these substrates, by contrast with chromotropic substances, many binding sites are too far removed for dye interaction, consequently the interaction frequency can become high enough to produce a color change only as saturation of the available sites is approached. It is also shown that the destruction of color is a characteristic of metachromasy and that water molecules intercalated between approximated dye ions are responsible for the loss and change of color. A concept of metachromasy is proposed in which the interaction between water molecules and suitably approximated dye ions plays an essential role. The experimental studies are described against a background of the history and evolution of ideas on metachromasy. The literature is reviewed and reassessed particularly from the physicochemical viewpoint.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed1958