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Biomedical subjects

M Salonen

Publications and source records attributed to M Salonen.

45 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Oral temazepam as a premedicant in elderly general surgical patients.

In elderly, general surgical patients, oral temazepam 20 mg given in a soft gelatin capsule proved to be a useful light premedicant when given before spinal anaesthesia. In comparison with placebo, it caused preoperative subjective sedation, prevented an increase in heart rate and decreased serum cortisol, but not serum antidiuretic hormone levels. However, simple devices (linear analogue scale, Maddox wing test, critical flicker fusion apparatus) appeared to be quite ineffective in differentiating the clinical effects of temazepam from those of placebo. Temazepam given in a soft gelatin capsule to patients in the supine position had a reasonably fast gastrointestinal absorption, but its blood-lumbar cerebrospinal fluid penetration rate appeared to be quite slow.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of the soft gelatin capsule and the tablet form of temazepam.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the soft gelatin capsule and tablet form of temazepam were compared. In a single blind study, six healthy volunteers, in the supine position, took either a tablet of temazepam 20 mg or a soft gelatin capsule of temazepam 20 mg. Sixty gynaecological in-patients received either a tablet or a soft gelatin capsule of temazepam 20 mg the night before surgery as premedication. Subjective parameters were assessed in the morning. The soft gelatin capsule yielded clearly higher serum concentrations during the first hour after administration. In the pharmacodynamic parameters there were slight but insignificant differences in favour of the capsule form. As a premedicant the capsule resulted in a significantly (P less than 0.01) shorter delay in the onset of sedative action and to an almost significant (P less than 0.05) delay in falling asleep; also an almost significantly (P less than 0.05) longer action of sleep in comparison with the tablet.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Importance of the interaction of midazolam and cimetidine.

Six healthy volunteers were given in an open study 15 mg of midazolam orally, and a couple of weeks later the same treatment preceded by 400 mg of cimetidine orally. We followed midazolam serum concentrations and the following pharmacodynamic parameters for five hours: subjective sedation, Maddox wing readings, critical flicker fusion frequency and peak velocity of saccadic eye movements. A statistically significant change was found in Cmax and total AUC between the two sessions. The pharmacodynamic responses differed also clearly from each other suggesting a significant change in midazolam effect even after a single oral dose of cimetidine.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Saccadic eye movements in determination of the residual effects of flunitrazepam.

Saccadic eye movements and the subjective assessments of the volunteers were used in the determination of the residual effects of a single evening dose of flunitrazepam 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg or placebo. Sleep inducing and maintaining effects were subjectively assessed, too. Flunitrazepam at all three dose levels possessed sleep inducing and increasing effects (n = 9), but in the number of nocturnal awakenings and sedation in the morning (10 hrs after drug intake), no significant differences between placebo and the active medications were reported. However, saccadic eye movement recording could differentiate the residual effects produced by placebo or the active medication. No correlation was detected between the serum levels (radioreceptor assay) and saccadic eye movement recordings.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Saccadic eye movements in determination of the residual effects of the benzodiazepines.

Saccadic eye movements and the volunteers' subjective assessments were used in the determination of the residual effects of a single high evening dose of flunitrazepam 2 mg, midazolam 30 mg, and lorazepam 2.5 mg as well as in that of placebo. Sleep inducing and maintaining effects were subjectively assessed, too. Both flunitrazepam 2 mg, midazolam 30 mg, and lorazepam 2.5 mg possessed sleep inducing and increasing effects (n = 9), but in the number of nocturnal awakenings and quality of sleep no significant differences between placebo and the active medications were reported. Flunitrazepam 2 mg and lorazepam 2.5 mg produced distinct subjective residual effects thus differing from placebo and midazolam 30 mg. Despite this, saccadic eye movement recording could further differentiate midazolam 30 mg from placebo in this respect 10 hours after drug intake. After three repeated 2 mg evening doses, flunitrazepam accumulated in the serum of the volunteers (n = 6), but the effect on saccadic eye movements as well as subjective side effects began to decrease already after one day's treatment. Thus, saccadic eye movement recording proved to be a useful tool in determining the residual effects and development of tolerance of benzodiazepines. No correlation was detected between the serum levels (radioreceptor assay) and saccadic eye movement recordings or subjective residual sequelae.

Benzodiazepines↗
PubMed1979

Pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam in saliva and serum after a single oral dose.

The pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam in saliva and serum was studied in 12 healthy volunteers after a single administration of a 5 mg nitrazepam tablet. The binding of nitrazepam to plasma proteins was determined 4 hours after the administration by ultracentrifugation. The analysis of nitrazepam concentrations was performed by 63Ni-EC-GLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated manually or by AUTOAN-program in serum, and manually in saliva. The concentrations of nitrazepam in serum and saliva correlated significantly (r = 0.472, P less than 0.001, n = 97). The ratio saliva: serum was, however, time dependent. The protein free fraction in serum was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the salivary concentration at the same time (4 hours after administration). The peak concentrations in serum and saliva were 40.7 and 1.9 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) and the times to reach the peak maximum 2.4 and 2.5 hours, respectively (difference not significant). The mean half-life of nitrazepam in serum was 30.5 hrs and in saliva 39.9 hrs, the difference being significant at P less than 0.05. The distribution phase parameters, poorly described before, were calculated. The clinical value of nitrazepam analysis in saliva seems to be negligible.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin from serum, saliva and urine.

The pharmacokinetics of digoxin was studied in 14 healthy volunteers using concentrations measured radioimmunologically in the serum, saliva and urine. The subjects were given 0.75 mg of digoxin intravenously. Serum and saliva were obtained over a 72 hr period and urinary excretion rates over 6 or 7 days. Binding of digoxin to serum proteins was determined by ultracentrifugalization. A linear correlation between the serum and saliva concentrations was found. Salivary levels were equal to the unbound fraction in the serum. The half-lives of distribution did not differ between the serum and saliva. An erroneously short half-life of elimination was found in the serum, but in the saliva and urine it was found to be in the range previously reported. Salivary level measurements may be useful in pharmacokinetic studies and may have important clinical implications.

Adolescent↗