Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M Sawicki.
An overview of molecular biology is presented for the practicing surgeon. Definitions of the constructs and activity of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis are defined. These principles are illustrated in their use in recombinant DNA technologies. A glossary is provided for the terms utilized.
DNA is the fundamental guide for the cell's processes. The alterations in DNA that can lead to abnormal or absent proteins and the role of chromosomal alterations in changing the function of the DNA are reviewed. The role of viruses in derailing a cell's normal functions, the major mechanisms of oncogene action, and tumor suppressor genes are also discussed.
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Sodium intake of infants varies widely with the type of food consumed. However, few reports are available describing the nutrients, including sodium values, of dietary intakes of infants receiving supplemental foods. The purpose of this study was to determine the sodium, energy, and nutrient values of diets for infants from low-income families participating in the WIC program. The sample consisted of 306 infants, aged 4 through 7 months, who were seen in well-child clinics. Approximately 200 of the infants were reportedly fed commercially prepared baby food as the only solid food; 55 received 50% or more of their energy from table foods. The dietary intakes of infants receiving supplemental foods and consuming commercially prepared baby foods included significantly less sodium than the intakes of infants fed primarily table foods. As a group, all infants met the RDAs for most nutrients but had higher sodium values than reported by other researchers. The group of infants for whom consumption of table foods was reported had values above the acceptable range for sodium primarily because the caregivers failed to provide low-sodium, nutrient-dense, supplemental foods in the quantities prescribed but instead substituted sodium-dense meat and vegetable products.
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Reported dietary intake records of 18 infants, 22 young children, and 20 women were analyzed using the nutrient data base systems of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) and the Nutrient Dietary Data Analysis (NDDA) System. Significant differences between the nutrient data bases were found in the calculations of potassium and niacin for infants and of energy and nine nutrients for women and children. The energy and nutrient composition of many commonly consumed food items in the two nutrient data base systems was different, even though the systems shared common data sources. Differences in the nutrient data bases were primarily due to the timing of data base updates, as well as to the differential use of industry, private, and government food analysis sources, procedural differences in data base updating, and random data entry error. Resolution of differences among nutrient data base systems may depend upon comprehensive reviews of all data base systems or the establishment of a national nutrient data base to serve as a standard for the professional.
We analyzed the energy-, nutrient- and food-intake patterns of pregnant adolescents before and during participation in a supplemental-food program. The dietary data on the pregnant adolescents were compared to those on older pregnant women and non-pregnant adolescents. Weight gain per trimester, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were reported. In general, the mean energy and nutrient values calculated from the diets of diet-supplemented, low-income pregnant adolescents as compared to other groups from the same area were not significantly different; however, the values calculated as a percentage of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) were significantly higher for the other groups. Mean weight gain per trimester for all the pregnant groups was within the recommended ranges. Mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values were within normal limits and comparable to values reported in other studies. The energy and nutrient values for the diets of the supplemented group were less than the RDA for several nutrients. However, when compared to the findings of most earlier studies, the mean values were greater.
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