Biomedical subjects

M Slomczykowski

Publications and source records attributed to M Slomczykowski.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Radiation dose for pedicle screw insertion. Fluoroscopic method versus computer-assisted surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Comparison of the radiation dose between the traditional fluoroscopic approach and computed tomography (CT)-based computer-assisted surgery for pedicle screw placement was determined. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the radiation dose delivered by fluoroscopy-controlled pedicle screw placement versus insertion guided by computer. To define the CT computer-assisted protocol, involving lower radiation exposure for the patient, that still provides acceptable image quality. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are no published data describing the dose delivered in CT-based image-guided surgery, and there are few studies in which the organ dose and the effective dose delivered during pedicle screw insertion that is performed traditionally with fluoroscopic control are described. METHODS: Dose measurements were performed on two types (REMAB and RANDO) of anthropomorphic phantoms. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure the organ dose. Both phantoms were exposed to the fluoroscopic x-ray beam. The representative intraoperative scenario was determined by observation of 20 consecutive surgical interventions featuring pedicle screw implantation. For the CT dose measurement only, the REMAB phantom was used with two types of CT scanners. Three scanning protocols were evaluated: sequential, spiral optimized, and sequential optimized. Optimization of the scanning protocol included changes of anode current. The CT images were subsequently processed to achieve three-dimensional reconstruction of the lumbar spine for the computer-assisted intervention. RESULTS: Organ and effective doses were higher in any of the CT examinations than in the fluoroscopic procedure. There was a slight difference between doses registered during optimized spiral scanning and doses in the calculated optimized sequential CT protocol. Optimized sequential scanning was associated with an effective dose 40% lower than that in nonoptimized sequential scanning. The small anatomic structures of the spine could be easily recognized on each of the three-dimensional reconstructions, and all of them were suitable for use in computer-assisted surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar region of the spine, performed using fluoroscopic control, requires a lower radiation dose than do CT scans necessary for computer-assisted surgery. The CT radiation dose can be significantly decreased by optimization of the scanner settings for computer-assisted surgery. The advantages of computer-assisted surgery justify CT scans, when based on correctly chosen indications.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Fluoroscopy as an imaging means for computer-assisted surgical navigation.

OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative fluoroscopy is a valuable tool for visualizing underlying bone and surgical tool positions in orthopedic procedures. Disadvantages of this technology include the need for continued radiation exposure for visual control, and cumbersome means of alignment. The purpose of this article was to highlight a new concept for a computer-assisted freehand navigation system that uses single intraoperatively acquired fluoroscopic images as a basis for real-time navigation of surgical tools. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Optoelectronic markers are placed on surgical tools, a patient reference, and the fluoroscope to track their position in space. Projection properties of the fluoroscope are acquired through an initial precalibration procedure using a tracked radiopaque phantom grid. Corrections are applied to compensate for both the fluoroscope's image intensifier distortions and the mechanical bending of the C-arm frame. This enables real-time simulation of surgical tool positions simultaneously in several single-shot fluoroscopic images. In addition, through optoelectronically tracked digitization of a target viewpoint, the fluoroscope can be numerically aligned at precise angles relative to the patient without any X-ray exposure. RESULTS: This article shows the feasibility of this technology through its use in cadaver trials to perform the difficult task of distal locking of femoral nails.

Bone Nails↗

PubMed1998

Assessment of 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging fast low angle shot images for computer assisted spinal surgery.

The objective of this research was to determine whether a fast 3-dimensional (3-D) gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence could be used to acquire images suitable for image guided surgery of the spine. The main difficulty with MRI is that inhomogeneities in the static magnetic field lead to geometric distortions in the images. We used a very fast 3-D MRI sequence with a wide bandwidth and short echo time (TE) to minimize these distortions. Fiducial markers that could be localized in MRI and computed tomography (CT) images and in physical space were attached to a phantom in order to assess the accuracy of a landmark based registration method. The effect of varying the MRI parameters on image contrast was also investigated. The results demonstrate that the registration can be undertaken with an accuracy of 0.4 mm using the 3-D MRI. This is comparable to the accuracy of 0.3 mm obtained with CT and is a significant improvement over the accuracy of the 2-D MRI techniques (> 1.0 mm). In vivo images demonstrating good contrast between the spine and surrounding soft tissues such as fat, intervertebral disks, and cerebrospinal fluid were obtained. The MRI acquired using the sequence described in this article shows promise for use in computer assisted surgery of the spine.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Acetabular volume.

Reconstructive acetabular osteotomies can affect the acetabular volume. Volume mismatch between the femoral head and the acetabulum should be an important consideration but is rarely evaluated before hip reconstruction. Accurate measurement of the volume of the acetabulum is difficult because of the unusual shape and spatial orientation of the acetabulum. In this study, we used three techniques (physical, two-dimensional computed tomography, and three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction) to determine the volume of 18 pig, four sheep, and 15 model acetabulae. A comparison of pre- and post-Pemberton osteotomy volumes of three dysplastic acetabulae models and two patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip also was performed. The results indicate that accurate, reproducible volume determinations can be made by using all three techniques, and that certain data-selection modes can reduce the patient's exposure to radiation. In addition, we observed an increase in the volume of the acetabulum after the Pemberton osteotomy.

Acetabulum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Computer modeling of the pathomechanics of spastic hip dislocation in children.

Spastic muscles about the hip cause subluxation, dislocation, and lead to acetabular dysplasia. Spastic hip disease occurs when the muscles about the hip exert forces that are too high or in the wrong direction or both. To determine the role of the hip forces in the progression of spastic hip disease and the effect of both muscle-lengthening and bony reconstructive surgeries, a computerized mathematical model of a spastic hip joint was created. The magnitude and direction of the forces of spastic hips undergoing surgery were analyzed preoperatively and postoperatively to determine which procedure is best suited for the treatment of spastic hip disease. The muscle-lengthening procedures included (a) the adductor longus, (b) the psoas, iliacus, gracilis, adductor brevis, and adductor longus, and (3) the psoas, iliacus, gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus. The bony reconstructive and muscle-lengthening procedures included (a) lengthening the psoas, iliacus, gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus combined with changing femoral neck anteversion from 45 to 10 degrees , (b) lengthening of the psoas, iliacus, gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus combined with changing neck-shaft angle from 165 to 135 degrees , and (c) lengthening of the psoas, iliacus, gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus combined with changing femoral neck anteversion from 45 to 10 degrees and neck-shaft angle from 165 to 135 degrees . Results show that a child with spastic hip disease has a hip-force magnitude 3 times that of the a child with a normal hip in the normal physiologic position. Based on this mathematical model the best to normalize the magnitude of the hip-joint reaction force, the muscles to be lengthened should include the psoas, iliacus, gracilis, adductor brevis, and the adductor longus. To normalize the direction of the hip force, the extremity should be positioned in the normal physiologic position. The impact of decreasing the femoral anteversion or femoral neck-shaft angle or both had little additional effect on the direction or magnitude of hip forces.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗