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Biomedical subjects

M Smolensky

Publications and source records attributed to M Smolensky.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Day-night differences in effects of cosmetic treatments on facial skin. Effects on facial skin appearance.

Two groups of 24 healthy caucasian women, similar with regard to age classes (from 19 to 55) as well as fair and dark complexion of skin and hair, volunteered to use during a 14-day span a conventional facial cream (active placebo: AP) and thereafter, during a 21-day span Noctosome (Noctos). The latter is a new generation of liposome made with non-ionic lipids leading to microspheres which include glycopeptides in the aqueous compartment of the vesicle, alpha-tocopherol ester in the membrane-like structure and sphingo-ceramides at the surface of the microspheres. The aim of the study was to test the beneficial effects of Noctos (vsAP) with respectively morning (7-9-hr) and evening (21-23-hr) applications as facial ointments. Observed differences were validated using several statistical tests: ANOVA, cosinor, etc. Subjects were socially synchronized with a diurnal activity from 7 hr to 23 hr and a nocturnal rest. Each day, at fixed clock hours (7, 10, 20 and 23 hr), each subject used visual analogue scales to self-rate a set of variables characterizing facial aspects. Brilliance of complexion and texture of skin exhibited a circadian rhythm (peak time at 10 hr), both with AP and Noctos. The latter produces a beneficial effect with regard to reference values (AP). The evening application of Noctos is more efficient than the morning one. However, the magnitude of this beneficial effect is related both to age (greater for the age class 25-35 years than for younger and older subjects) and to skin complexion (greater for fair than dark complexioned subjects). Major beneficial effects of Noctos in the evening hours are related neither to fatigue nor to mood of the women since the respective circadian rhythms of these variables appear to vary independently from those of facial skin characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Circadian and circannual rhythms of allergic rhinitis: an epidemiologic study involving chronobiologic methods.

Seven hundred sixty-five patients, living in France and suffering from allergic rhinitis (eg, with positive skin tests to various antigens), agreed to self-rate (visual analog scales), four times daily, symptoms such as sneezing, stuffy or blocked nose, runny nose, itchy nose, itchy eyes, wheeze, or cough. Despite acute symptoms, patients did not take medications of any kind by any route during 36 hours. Several statistical methods (eg, Student's t test, analysis of variance, cosinor, chi-square, etc.) were used to validate both circadian and circannual rhythms of these symptoms in the group as a whole, as well as in subgroups related to age, sex, etc. Large-amplitude circadian rhythms with early morning peak times (eg, approximately 6 AM) were validated for sneezing, stuffy nose, and runny nose (with p less than 0.0001) but not for wheeze or cough. Such time-dependent changes were related neither to age (from 10 to 80 years) nor to sex. However, small differences were observed in subgroups sorted with regard to duration of disease (old versus new cases), smoking habits, and geographic location (north versus south France). Reanalysis of data taking into account interindividual differences revealed that the respective peak times of the three major symptoms occurred in the early morning in about 60% to 70% of the patients. Annual changes were validated as well with the annual peak time being January to April. The proposed interpretation of both circadian and circannual rhythms suggests taking into account endogenous component rhythms (eg, involving metabolic, immunologic, and endocrine systems), since they contribute to time-dependent changes in the human susceptibility to antigens. In addition, the elevated severity of symptoms in the morning experienced by 60% to 70% of patients should serve as a guide to individually optimize dosing time(s) of medications, such as antihistamines.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Aspects of chronopharmacology and chronotherapy in pediatrics.

Pediatric chronopharmacological findings until now have been limited to circadian changes in children from ages 6 to 15 years. This means that data in newborns and even in infants of 1 year are not available and other bioperiodicities with periods of about-1-year (infradian rhythms) have not been explored in older children. Biologic time-related changes have been documented for phenytoin and theophylline with regard to pharmacokinetics, for orciprenaline with regard to bronchodilation, and for corticosteroids as well as anticancer agents with regard to their effectiveness. Despite the limited number of experiments performed to date, it is already possible to state that a chronopharmacological approach provides better precision in pharmacologic study than the conventional approach not using time-related data and better therapeutics can be achieved with the help of chronopharmacological facts since appropriate timing in administration of medicine usually enhances its desired and/or reduces its undesired effects.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1985

Seasonal variations in socially and legally unacceptable sexual behaviour.

The calendar dates, over the 15-year span 1966-1980, of committed rapes by eight male recidivists and offences of sexually indecent or immoral behaviour by eight other male recidivists were gathered from the files of the Préfecture de Police, Paris, France. Each offender of the first group had committed from two to six rapes, while each offender of the second had committed from two to 16 incidences of indecent behaviour. Although the reported rapes took place during several calendar years, almost all, 18 out of 22 offences, were committed by the eight rape-recidivists during the 4-month span of July-October. Single cosinor analysis of these data revealed a circannual rhythmicity (P less than 0.03) with luminal diameter being 10 August +/- 34 days (the 95% CL). The peak time of indecent sexual behaviour, exclusive of rape, against females occurred during September with secondary peaks in February and June; such offences directed against males peaked in October. 'Bootstrap' and 'Jackknife' methods confirmed seasonality within all data sets, except for the offences of indecent behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical chronopharmacokinetics].

Circadian (approximately or equal to 24 hours) and other endogenous biological rhythms, detectable at all levels of organisation, constitute a temporal structure in all species, including man. Circadian, circannual, and other rhythmic changes in biological susceptibility and response of organisms to a large variety of physical and chemical agents, including medications and foods, are rather common phenomena. A better understanding of periodic and thus predictable changes in drug effects can be attained through consideration of three complementary concepts: the chronopharmacokinetics of a drug (rhythmic changes in its pharmacokinetics), the chronesthesy (rhythmic changes in susceptibility of target biosystems to the drug), and the chronergy (the drug-integrated overall effects). The chronopharmacokinetics of many drugs have been evaluated in man (tables I-IV) including sodium salicylate, aspirin, indomethacin (fig. 1), sustained-release indomethacin, paracetamol (acetaminophen), phenacetin, amidopyrine, theophylline sustained-release theophylline (fig. 2), aminophylline, sustained-release aminophylline, digitalis, propranolol, clorazepate, hexobarbitone (hexobarbital), diazepam, midazolam, lithium, phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin), nortriptyline, ethanol, erythromycine , ampicillin, sulfasymazine , sulphanilamide, cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (fig. 3), mequitazine (fig. 4), d-xylose, ferrous sulphate, potassium chloride, hydrocortisone and prednisolone, among others. The roles presumably played by circadium rhythms in drug metabolizing liver enzymes (fig. 5), and kidney function are summarized, and the practical implications of chronopharmacokinetics, aiming both to improve in a quantitative manner the metabolic fate of a drug and its effectiveness, are discussed.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1983

Aspects of clinical chronopharmacology.

Circadian (congruent to 24 h), circannual (congruent to 1 year) and other biological rhythms of endogenous origin, detectable at all levels of organization, constitute a temporal structure in all animal species, including man. Circadian, circannual and other rhythmic changes in biological susceptibility and response of organisms to a large variety of physical as well as chemical agents including medications and foods are rather common phenomena. Modern chronopharmacology investigates drug effects: (a) as a function of biological timing, and (b) upon parameters characterizing the endogenous bioperiodicities. A better understanding of periodic and thus predictable changes in drug effects can be attained through consideration of three complementary concepts: the chronokinetics of a drug (rhythmic changes in its pharmacokinetics); the chronesthesy (rhythmic changes in susceptibility of target biosystems to this drug), and the chronergy (the drug integrated overall effects). One of the aims of chronopharmacology is solving problems of drug optimization. Knowledge of those administration times coinciding with best effectiveness or tolerance is required to optimize both timing(s) and dosage(s) of a medication. Illustrative examples of both experimental and clinical investigative chronopharmacology are corticosteroids and anticancerous agents.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Twenty-four-hour rhythm in the bronchial hyperreactivity to house dust in asthmatics.

Four subjects, 2 males (17 and 35 yr of age) and 2 females (24 and 47 yr of age) suffering from allergic asthma were studied for 10 days in allergen-shielded rooms and without medication. Synchronization of subjects to activity was by light on at 7 A.M. and sleep by light off at midnight. A single bronchial challenge to the threshold concentration of house dust, predetermined for each subject, was presented every other day at designated clock hours such that during a 10-day study span tests were presented at the following times: 8 A.M., 3 P.M., 7 P.M., and 11 P.M. The effect upon bronchial patency determined by FEV 1.0 15 min after house dust inhalation resulted in greatest effect at 11 P.M., while that at 8 A.M. resulted in least effect. The differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.025). Peak expiratory flow (PEF), self-measured at 3-hr intervals throughout the 10-day span, revealed practically no persistence of effect for inhalation of the house dust preparations at 8 A.M.; on the other hand, considerable persistence of effect on airway patency occurred from tests carried out at 11 P.M. The differences between the 24-hr rhythm-adjusted means (mesors) in the PEF for the (24-hr) spans following house dust inhalation at 8 A.M. and 11 P.M. were statistically significant (p less than 0.025) as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Meteorologic factors and temporal variations of cardiac mortality in an urban setting in a desert climatic zone.

The aim of this investigation was to study, by use of the unbiased and rigorous techniques of lagged cross-covariance and spectral analyses, the associations between daily cardiac mortality and weather conditions in Beersheba, an urban center situated in a hot and dry climatic zone. The results of the analyses point to the existence of seasonal differences in mortality, with a peak in winter. Of greater interest is the statistical documentation of temporal associations between short-term increases in daily mortality and certain weather situations corresponding to the transitional periods of turbulent atmosphere with below normal air temperatures, strong gusty winds and a drop in relative humidity, i.e., conditions accompanying the intrusion of a winter cold wave. The crests in short-term mortality occurred most often within a week of the intrusion of the cold air masses. No consistent cross association was found between high summer temperatures and mortality. The results of this investigation are discussed in the light of those previously reported for Tel Aviv (a coastal city) and Jerusalem (a city situated at a high altitude).

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aspects of chronopharmacology and chronotherapy in children.

Pediatric studies involving chronopharmacology until now have been limited mainly to investigation of circadian patterns in children of 6 to 15 years. This means that: a. data on newborns and even on infants of one year or younger are not available, and b. other bioperiodicities, such as those of one year (infradian rhythms), have not yet been explored in older children. Biological time-related changes have been documented for phenytoin and theophylline with regard to their pharmacokinetics and for orciprenaline, ipratropium bromide, corticosteroids and anticancerous agents with regard to their effectiveness. Despite the small number of investigations performed to date, results indicate that: a. more comprehensive and precise characterization of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phenomena can be achieved by a chronopharmacological approach than the conventional one and, b. better therapeutics can be achieved using chronopharmacological facts since an appropriate timing of medicines with regard to biological rhythms is likely to enhance desired and/or reduce undesired effects.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward a chronopsy: part I. A chronobiologic case report and a thermopsy complementing the biopsy.

A prophylactic bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy, following a preoperative mammogram revealed clustered small calcifications in the left breast. In order to investigate the merits of thermorphythmometry, the patient self-measured surface temperature of each breast, above and below the nipple, while awake. In the case here presented, bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy followed by extensive histologic scrutiny of both breasts revealed no indication of malignancy. Bilateral fibrocystic disease with calcification and lobular hyperplasia was found. As compared to the contralateral sites, the atypical epithelial proliferation was more abundant in the mammographically and thermorhythmometrically 'abnormal' area of the left breast.

Body Temperature Regulation↗