Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis in cat scratch disease.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
M St John
Publications and source records attributed to M St John.
The use of 2D and 3D displays for shape-understanding versus relative-position tasks.
Research on when and how to use three-dimensional (3D) perspective views on flat screens for operational tasks such as air traffic control is complex. We propose a functional distinction between tasks: those that require shape understanding versus those that require precise judgments of relative position. The distortions inherent in 3D displays hamper judging relative positions, whereas the integration of dimensions in 3D displays facilitates shape understanding. We confirmed these hypotheses with two initial experiments involving simple block shapes. The shape-understanding tasks were identification or mental rotation. The relative-position tasks were locating shadows and determining directions and distances between objects. We then extended the results to four experiments involving complex natural terrain. We compare our distinction with the integral/separable task distinction of Haskel and Wickens (1993). Applications for this research include displays for air traffic control, geoplots for military command and control, and potentially, any display of 3D information.
Adult↗
Effects of dietary dimethylarsinic acid on the urine and urothelium of rats.
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), fed to rats for 2 years, produced bladder hyperplasia and tumors at doses of 40 and 100 p.p.m., more in females than males. No urothelial proliferation was seen in mice. Our objectives were to investigate the mode of action of bladder tumor formation, evaluate the dose-response and the role of diet and to determine if the urothelial effects were reversible. The study included groups of female F344 rats fed DMA in Purina 5002 diet at doses of 0, 2, 10, 40 or 100 p.p.m. for 10 weeks; two groups of females fed DMA (0 and 100 p.p.m.) in Altromin 1321 for 10 weeks; two groups of males fed DMA (0 and 100 p.p.m.) in Purina 5002 for 10 weeks; a female high-dose recovery group (100 p.p.m. in Purina 5002 diet for 10 weeks followed by control diet for 10 weeks); and two female groups (0 and 100 p.p.m.) in Purina diet for 20 weeks. Urothelial toxicity and hyperplasia were detected by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index was increased in the female 40 and 100 p.p.m. groups. The effects were less in males, but were similar in females fed DMA in Altromin 1321. SEM detected no abnormal urinary solids related to treatment in any group. Urinary calcium was increased in the females fed 40 and 100 p.p.m. in Purina diet, despite overall urinary dilution. Calcification was increased in kidneys of female rats fed Purina diet. The urothelial effects of DMA were reversible. The findings support a non-DNA reactive mechanism for DMA rat bladder carcinogenicity related to urothelial toxicity and regeneration. The toxicity is probably not due to urinary solids. The toxicity and regeneration are produced in a dose-responsive manner in female rats, are greater in female than in male rats, and are reversible.
Animals↗
Urinary and urothelial effects of sodium salts in male rats.
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Animals↗
A comparison of the effects of sodium saccharin in NBR rats and in intact and castrated male F344 rats.
High doses of sodium saccharin (NaSac) increase proliferation in the bladder of the rat, with a male preponderance. The possibility that alpha 2u-globulin is involved in its mechanism of action was evaluated by feeding it at 7.5% of the diet to NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) male rats, which do not synthesize liver-derived alpha 2u-globulin. NaSac affected urinary parameters similarly in F344 and NBR male rats, but NBR rats consumed more water leading to greater urinary volume. NaSac produced less proliferation in NBR than in intact F344 rats, with intermediate changes in castrated F344 males, which had intermediate urinary alpha 2u-globulin levels.
Alpha-Globulins↗
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a high-risk diabetic CAPD patient.
An obese 48-year-old diabetic woman with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) developed symptomatic cholelithiasis within 2 weeks of initiating CAPD. She was not a good risk for either open cholecystectomy or postoperative hemodialysis, and the relatively noninvasive surgical approach of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was considered to minimize postoperative morbidity and to allow the patient to resume her CAPD treatments after a short postoperative recess from dialysis altogether. The patient tolerated the procedure well with no complications. She resumed routine CAPD on her third postoperative day.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic↗
Acrolein initiates rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
Acrolein, a reactive, alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde which is ubiquitous in the environment, forms DNA adducts, is mutagenic, and is teratogenic. However, studies have not indicated a carcinogenic effect in rodent bioassays. Since it is present in cigarette smoke and is the toxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide with respect to the urinary tract, we investigated the possibility that acrolein might have carcinogenic activity toward the rat urinary bladder. We also evaluated whether it possessed initiating and/or promoting activity. To evaluate initiating activity, acrolein was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.p. twice a week for 6 weeks followed by uracil as 3% of the diet for 20 weeks and then control diet for 6 weeks. N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) as 0.2% of the diet followed by uracil was used as a positive control, and a negative control group was administered solvent control (water) i.p. during the 6-week initiation period followed by uracil. Acrolein followed by uracil produced an incidence of 18 of 30 rats (60%) with papilloma compared to 8 of 30 rats (27%) treated with solvent control followed by uracil. FANFT followed by uracil produced an incidence of 70% carcinomas and 30% papillomas, clearly indicating that it is a much more potent initiating agent than acrolein. Acrolein for 6 weeks followed by control diet produced no tumors. To evaluate promoting activity, groups of rats were fed FANFT for 6 weeks followed by acrolein. Acrolein administered during the initial 6 weeks and continued for the second phase of the experiment (to evaluate complete carcinogenic activity) resulted in severe toxicity. Administration of acrolein had to be terminated after 21 weeks of the experiment. The animals were maintained for 53 weeks of the experiment without further chemical treatment, and there was no evidence of papilloma or carcinoma development. This study clearly indicates that acrolein has initiating activity for the urinary bladder when administered by i.p. injection to the male F344 rat, but toxicity precluded evaluation of its promoting or complete carcinogenic activity.
Acrolein↗
Lack of bladder tumor promoting activity in rats fed sodium saccharin in AIN-76A diet.
Sodium saccharin (NaSac) fed as 5% of Prolab diet promotes bladder tumor carcinogenesis in male F344 rats initiated with N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) fed as 0.2% of the diet for 4 weeks. NaSac also increases urothelial proliferation if fed for short periods in Prolab diet, but no increased proliferation is seen if it is fed for up to 10 weeks in AIN-76A semisynthetic diet, even at levels as high as 7.5% of the diet. To determine whether NaSac as part of an AIN-76A diet has promoting activity, groups of approximately 30 male, 5-week-old F344 rats were fed AIN-76A diet containing (a) 0.2% FANFT for 4 weeks followed by 5% NaSac for 100 weeks; (b) 0.2% FANFT followed by control diet; or (c) control diet followed by 5% NaSac. Bladder tumor incidences were 10, 23, and 0%, respectively. When fed in Prolab diet, 0.2% FANFT for 4 weeks followed by NaSac or control diet for 100 weeks resulted in bladder tumor incidences of 40 and 17%, respectively. Groups of rats fed 0.1 or 0.2% FANFT for 1 or 2 weeks followed by 5% NaSac or control diet for 100 weeks had bladder tumor incidences of 0 to 7%. These data demonstrate that NaSac does not promote bladder cancer in male rats if fed in AIN-76A diet. Other studies suggest that this is due to the low urinary pH in rats fed AIN-76A diet.
Animals↗
Nurses' attitudes, nurse-patient interactions and adherence to treatment by hemodialysis patients.
Relationships among fluid intake and dietary-adherence of 29 hemodialysis patients, nurses' attitudes (liking-disliking) toward these patients, and selected nurses' and patients' verbalizations during hemodialysis treatment were explored. No significant associations were found. Nurses may be facilitating positive solutions to all patients' health care problems rather than admonishing those whom they dislike and/or who do not adhere to treatment.
Adult↗
Uracil-induced calculi and proliferative lesions of the mouse urinary bladder.
Uracil fed as 3% of the diet to rats produces urinary calculi and consequent proliferative lesions of the bladder epithelium, including papillomatosis. We evaluated the effects of dietary uracil in two strains of mice and compared the results in males and females. Uracil was fed as 3 or 1% of the diet to male and female Swiss and C3H mice for up to 20 weeks. The 3% dose produced marked proliferative changes in the bladder epithelium by 10 weeks of administration, the earliest time at which the animals were processed for microscopic evaluation. These lesions progressed to severe nodular and papillary hyperplasia so that all of the animals fed 3% uracil had to be killed by the end of the 15th week. These animals had uracil-formed calculi. In contrast, mice fed 1% uracil rarely developed uracil calculi, and also rarely developed proliferative changes in the bladder epithelium as observed by light microscopy. Also, the labeling index was determined and showed quantitatively the degree of cell proliferation similar to that qualitatively observed by light microscopic examination. At 10 weeks of administration, there was an increased labeling index in the males compared to females in both strains of mice fed 3% uracil, but this difference was not significant at 15 weeks. Similarly, the males tended to have more severe histologic changes than the females. The results of feeding high doses of uracil are similar in mice to those previously observed in rats.
Animals↗
Effect of L-tryptophan excess and vitamin B6 deficiency on rat urinary bladder cancer promotion.
To further evaluate the role of tryptophan and vitamin B6 in bladder carcinogenesis, male Fischer 344 rats were fed 0.2% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) in semipurified diet or were given semipurified diet alone for 4 weeks. One week later, rats from each group were assigned for the remainder of the experiment to one of four experimental diets, labeled as follows: group 1, control semipurified; group 2, L-tryptophan excess (2%); group 3, vitamin B6-deficient (1.0 mg/kg diet); or group 4, L-tryptophan excess, plus vitamin B6-deficient diet. All surviving rats were killed at 80 weeks of the experiment. Throughout the study, body weights were reduced in the groups fed FANFT and, at 70 and 80 weeks, body weights were reduced in the groups given tryptophan excess. The incidence of urinary bladder carcinoma was highest in the group treated with FANFT, followed by diet with control tryptophan and vitamin B6 levels (40%). The disease incidence was reduced in the vitamin B6-deficient group (13%) and of an intermediate range in the groups fed a tryptophan excess with or without vitamin B6 deficiency (28-29%). Tumors at other sites were greatest in number in FANFT-treated rats fed vitamin B6-deficient diet with excess tryptophan and were significantly fewer in FANFT-treated rats fed vitamin B6-deficient diet alone. Animals given diet deficient in vitamin B6 consistently had depressed levels of alanine aminotransferase activity and plasma pyridoxyl phosphate. FANFT pretreatment decreased alanine aminotransferase activities in rats in some groups and the feeding of tryptophan had variable effects on alanine aminotransferase and plasma pyridoxyl phosphate levels. Urinary tryptophan metabolites were influenced by all treatments, but the results did not correlate with tumor yields. Urinary bladder ornithine decarboxylase activity was not altered in vitamin B6-deficient female rats. These results do not support the hypothesis that increased dietary L-tryptophan promotes bladder carcinogenesis in rats, but other dietary factors might modify the process following FANFT initiation.
Alanine Transaminase↗
Evaluation of epidermal cell kinetics following freezing or wounding of mouse skin and their potential as initiators of carcinogenesis.
It has been shown that abrasion, and consequent regenerative hyperplasia, acts as a promoting agent in mouse skin carcinogenesis. The present experiments were designed to evaluate the possibility that ulceration and its consequent regeneration might also act as initiators. Female Sencar mice were used, and ulceration was induced either by the application of a frozen rod or by incision of the skin of the back. The time course of the ulceration, regeneration, and repair of the mouse skin following ulceration by either method was evaluated utilizing morphologic and autoradiographic techniques. The labeling index of the epidermis, using [3H]-thymidine and autoradiography, reached a maximum level 7 days after ulceration and the epidermal hyperplasia was most pronounced at days 7-14. The potential initiating activity of freeze ulceration or incision was evaluated by performing these procedures on 7-week-old female Sencar mice followed by promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) applied twice a week to the ulcerated areas, 5.2 micrograms in each application. Extending the total experimental observation to 1 year indicated that freeze ulceration and incision did not initiate carcinogenesis in the mouse skin when promoted with TPA.
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
Effect of dose on the induction of urothelial proliferation by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide and its relationship to bladder carcinogenesis in the rat.
The effect on urothelial proliferation of a urinary bladder carcinogen, N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT), fed to male F344 rats at doses of 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001% of diet for 4 or 10 weeks was evaluated by autoradiography, using [3H-methyl]thymidine, and by histopathology. At week 4, hyperplasia was induced in 10/11 and 6/11 rats given 0.2% and 0.1% FANFT, respectively. The dose-related increase of labeling index in the bladder epithelium was significant for the groups given 0.01% or higher doses of FANFT. At week 10, histopathologic lesions were observed in groups given 0.05% or higher doses of FANFT. This was accompanied by a significant increase in labeling index for these groups. The results are consistent with the long-term carcinogenicity studies conducted with the same dose levels of FANFT. The interrelationships between numbers of cells (hyperplasia), cell proliferation (labeling index) and cancer induction are discussed utilizing a computerized model of bladder carcinogenesis.
Animals↗
Effect of aspirin on N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide-induced epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder and forestomach of the rat.
The co-administration of aspirin with N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide (FANFT) to rats resulted in a reduced incidence of FANFT-induced bladder carcinomas but a concomitant induction of forestomach tumors. An autoradiographic study was performed on male F-344 rats fed diet containing FANFT at a level of 0.2% and/or aspirin at a level of 0.5% to evaluate the effect of aspirin on the increased cell proliferation induced by FANFT in the forestomach and bladder. FANFT-induced cell proliferation in the bladder was significantly suppressed by aspirin co-administration after 4 weeks but not after 12 weeks. In the forestomach, and also in the liver, aspirin did not affect the FANFT-induced increase in labeling index. The present results are consistent with the carcinogenicity experiment suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in FANFT carcinogenesis in the bladder and forestomach, and that aspirin's effect on FANFT in the forestomach is not due to an irritant effect associated with increased cell proliferation. Also, there appears to be an adaptation by the rats to the chronic ingestion of aspirin.
Animals↗
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a pediatric population.
Seven children aged from 6 weeks to 14 years were treated for end-stage renal disease by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for 60 patient months. Satisfactory control of their uremia was achieved. Peritonitis was diagnosed on seven occasions (one case per 8.6 patient months) and did not interfere with continuation of dialysis or decrease peritoneal membrane permeability. Patients older than 5 years grew at rates comparable with those of patients receiving hemodialysis. Two infants receiving CAPD exhibited normal growth rates. Families demonstrated good psychosocial adjustment to the technique. Thus, CAPD seems to be a satisfactory alternative to hemodialysis for long-term therapy .
Adolescent↗
Long term dose response study of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
The effect of dose was evaluated for the bladder carcinogenicity of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT). The chemical was fed to male weanling F344 rats for 30 weeks followed by 74 weeks of control diet. The incidences of bladder carcinoma were 100, 100, 87, 0, 0 and 0% for doses of 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001%, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between dose and latency period. There was no increased incidence of tumors of other tissues.
Animals↗
Characteristics of peripheral blood monocytes in hereditary xerocytosis and spherocytosis.
Peripheral blood monocytes isolated from patients with congenital hemolytic anemia, hereditary xerocytosis and spherocytosis, demonstrated in vivo engulfment of red cell and platelet fragments. In addition, morphometric studies performed on these monocytes showed an increase in cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio as well as lysosome and phagosome volumes. The production of carbon dioxide from glucose-1-14C in abnormal monocytes was increased (15-80%) but the intracellular values of beta-glucuronidase and esterase activity were similar to control monocytes. Monocyte locomotion assessed in the presence of chemotactic stimuli was found significantly increased (73 +/- 12 monocytes/oil immersion fields vs. 46 +/- 5 for control monocytes). We concluded that the monocytes in hemolytic anemias associated with increased in vitro red cell fragmentation have some features resembling the 'stimulated' monocytes and that this alteration may be due to red blood cell fragment ingestion.
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital↗
The impact of outpatient drug services on abstinence among pregnant and parenting women.
Although there is an increasing number of outpatient drug programs, there remains little consensus on which service components are most effective for pregnant and parenting women seeking treatment. In this investigation, we studied 48 women who remained in treatment for 5 consecutive months to: (1) examine differences between clients who maintained 30 to 90 days of abstinence and those who did not and (2) test the association between services and abstinence. Although we found no demographic differences between abstinent and nonabstinent women, we did find that significantly more abstinent women received family therapy services compared to nonabstinent women as they remained in treatment. Furthermore, we found that clients who were abstinent tended to receive more services overall than those who were not. Providers need to consider their population when deciding on which service components will be included: and family therapy is one service component that should be available to pregnant and parenting women.
Adolescent↗