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Biomedical subjects

M Sulieman

Publications and source records attributed to M Sulieman.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Surface and pulp chamber temperature rises during tooth bleaching using a diode laser: a study in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the surface and pulp chamber temperature increases in vitro on upper and lower anterior teeth during a tooth whitening procedure using a diode laser. METHOD: A thermocouple was used to measure the temperature increase on the surface of an extracted upper central incisor tooth. Pulp chamber temperature readings were made on upper and lower central incisors, lateral incisors and canines. A diode laser recommended for tooth bleaching was tested at three different power settings (1W, 2W, 3W). Temperature measurements were made with and without the bleaching agent present on the labial tooth surface. RESULTS: The increase in surface temperature readings ranged from 37 degrees C (1W) to 86.3 degrees C (3W) with no bleaching gel present. Pulp chamber temperature increases ranged from 4.3 degrees C (1W) to 16 degrees C (3W). The presence of the bleaching gel reduced temperature increases seen at the tooth surface and within the pulp. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the pulp chamber temperature with the laser used at 1-2W was below the critical temperature increase of 5.5 degrees C thought to produce irreversible pulpal damage. However, a power setting of 3W produced a pulp chamber temperature increase above this threshold (16 degrees C) and caution is advised when using this setting.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2006

An overview of bleaching techniques: 2. Night guard vital bleaching and non-vital bleaching.

Night Guard Vital Bleaching (NGVB) or dentist-monitored bleaching technique is probably the most widely used bleaching technique because of its relative ease of use, low cost, safety and high success rate. There are many non-vital bleaching techniques available, all of which have one thing in common, usually a successful result in the procedure returning the discoloured tooth to its original colour and beyond that when required. This article will give an overview of various home bleaching techniques: materials and regimens used, bleaching procedure and treatment of side-effects. In addition, it will review various in-surgery and at home techniques used for bleaching non-vital teeth.

Carbamide Peroxide↗
PubMed2005

Surface and intra-pulpal temperature rises during tooth bleaching: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the surface and intra-pulpal temperature increases in vitro on upper and lower anterior teeth during tooth whitening procedures. METHOD: A thermocouple was used to measure the temperature increase on the surface of an extracted upper central incisor tooth. Intra-pulpal temperature readings were made on upper and lower central incisors, lateral incisors and canines. Four lamps recommended for tooth bleaching were tested; a plasma arc lamp, a xenon-halogen lamp, a standard halogen lamp and a diode laser lamp. Temperature measurements were made with and without the bleaching agent present on the labial tooth surface. RESULTS: The increase in surface temperature readings ranged from 0.44 degrees C (luma arch) to 86.3 degrees C (laser) with no bleaching gel present. Intra-pulpal temperature increases ranged from 0.30 degrees C to 15.96 degrees C. The presence of the bleaching gel reduced temperature increases seen at the tooth surface and within the pulp. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the intrapulpal temperature with most bleaching lamps was below the critical threshold of a 5.50 degrees C increase thought to produce irreversible pulpal damage. The only lamp that produced an intrapulpal temperature increase above this threshold was the laser-based lamp and caution is advised when using this equipment.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2005

The bleaching depth of a 35% hydrogen peroxide based in-office product: a study in vitro.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to quantify the penetration of 35% hydrogen peroxide into enamel and dentine and to relate this to the resultant shade change of the tooth. METHOD: The crowns of 24 caries and developmental defect free human maxillary incisors were stained internally with a standardised tea solution. Twelve specimens were power bleached with light activated 35% hydrogen peroxide and 12 placed in water; both exposure times were 30min. Three different shade assessment methods (Vita shade guide [SG], shade vision system [SVS] and a chromometer) were employed prior to, after tea staining and after power bleaching/water treatments. Twelve specimens each from the bleach group and the water control water group were sectioned mesio-distally. An additional 12 specimens from the bleach and the control group were sectioned labio-palatally. The stain area for each specimen was measured using image analysis software. RESULTS: With tea staining, the mean changes in Vita shade guide units (SGU) ranged from 3.66 to 8.33. With the SVS system changes of 3.66-9 units were seen. Chromometer readings showed that following bleaching the L* values moved in the direction of black (3.8-6.7) and a* and b* values were in the red (0.3) and yellow (1.5) direction, respectively. Samples bleached and sectioned mesio-distally showed stain coverage of 28.6-39.4%, while palatal sections showed stain coverage of 58-72%. Control samples, whether sectioned mesio-distally or labio-palatally, showed staining throughout the dentine (97-100% coverage). CONCLUSION: A 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching gel demonstrated bleaching into dentine of uniform depth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

An overview of bleaching techniques: 3. In-surgery or power bleaching.

The use of in-surgery bleaching techniques has increased recently within the profession following the introduction of various new systems. Many dentists and patients alike prefer the in-surgery procedures to lighten teeth as it takes the responsibility for the procedure firmly away from the patient to the dentist; a situation with which both sides may be more comfortable. This article will review various in-surgery or power bleaching procedures. In addition, it will detail the procedure involved and how and when to combine bleaching techniques.

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed2005

An overview of tooth discoloration: extrinsic, intrinsic and internalized stains.

The causes of tooth discoloration are varied and complex but are usually classified as being either intrinsic, extrinsic or internalized in nature. Dietary chromogens and other external elements deposit on the tooth surface or within the pellicle layer either directly or indirectly to form extrinsic discoloration. Stains within the dentine or intrinsic discoloration often results from systemic or pulpal origin, while internalized stains are the result of extrinsic stains entering the dentine via tooth defects such as cracks on the tooth surface.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the outcome of tooth whitening: an in vitro study.

AIM: This in vitro study examined the effect that various concentration of hydrogen peroxide (5-35%) had on tooth whitening. METHOD: Extracted third molars were sectioned and stained using a standardised tea solution to Vita shade C4. These stained specimens were then bleached with a series of gels containing 5, 10, 15 or 25% w/w hydrogen peroxide. Each specimen was bleached for a number of sessions with one session being defined as 3 x 10 min exposure. RESULTS: The number of applications of the various concentrations of bleaching gel varied from 12 applications for the 5% gel to one application for the 35% gel. Plotting the number of applications against hydrogen peroxide concentration showed an exponential response curve. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in a proprietary bleaching gel had a marked effect on the number of applications required to produce an optimal shade outcome.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

A safety study in vitro for the effects of an in-office bleaching system on the integrity of enamel and dentine.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate safety concerns with bleaching procedures by studying the effects of a high concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) in-surgery bleaching product on enamel and dentine. METHOD: Flat enamel and dentine samples embedded in epoxy resin were prepared from human third molar teeth. Erosion of enamel: groups of enamel samples were treated with 35% HP then citric acid (CA) or brushing with toothpaste or CA alone and water alone. Enamel Loss was measured using a profilometer. Abrasion/erosion of dentine: groups of dentine specimens were treated as follows: Group 1--brushed with water for 30 min. Group 2--brushed with 35% HP for 30 min. Group 3--power bleached for 30 min and then Group 4--brushed with toothpaste for 1 minute. Group 5--water soaked for 30 min followed by brushing with toothpaste for 1 min. Group 6--orange juice soaked for 30 min followed by brushing with toothpaste for 1 min. Treatment effects were measured using a profilometer. Hardness tests: enamel and dentine specimens were hardness tested using a Wallace indenter prior to and post bleaching. Scanning Electron Microscopy: enamel and dentine specimens were taped and the exposed tissue treated with 35% HP and then studied under scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Enamel erosion: bleaching enamel samples had no measurable effect on enamel. Pre-bleaching had no significant effect on subsequent CA erosion or brushing. Abrasion/erosion of dentine: no significant differences were found between treatments 1-5 with little change from baseline detected. Orange juice (Group 6) produced considerable and significantly more erosion than other treatments. Hardness tests: there were no significant changes in hardness values for enamel and dentine. SEM: there was no evidence of any topographical changes to either enamel or dentine. CONCLUSION: Using one of the highest concentrations of HP for tooth bleaching procedures and maximum likely peroxide exposure, there was no evidence of deleterious effects on enamel or dentine. It must be assumed that studies which reported adverse effects on enamel and or dentine of bleaches reflect not the bleach itself but the pH of the formulation used.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

An overview of bleaching techniques: I. History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects.

The use of a variety of bleaching techniques has attracted much interest from the profession, as they are non-invasive and relatively simple to carry out. Coupled with the uncertain legal situation within the European community, and especially within the UK, this series of articles hopes to give a broad overview of bleaching techniques, their efficacy and relative safety, as well as update the current legal situation. This article will give an overview of bleaching: history, chemistry and safety. In addition, it will summarize types of tooth discoloration, along with indications/contra-indications for bleaching. Future articles will address in detail both home and power bleaching techniques, as well as the various ways to bleach non-vital teeth.

Contraindications↗
PubMed2003

Development and evaluation of a method in vitro to study the effectiveness of tooth bleaching.

AIM: To develop and evaluate a reproducible intrinsic discolouration model in vitro, based on tea, which would allow the effectiveness of bleaching to be evaluated. METHOD: The crown portions of extracted human third molars were sectioned bucco-lingually in half. Colour assessments were made at baseline, post staining and post whitening using a standard clinical shade guide (SG), a shade vision clinical colorimeter system (SVS) and a reflectance chromometer. Internal staining employed a standard tea solution into which groups of five specimens were placed from 1 to 6 days. All assessments demonstrated maximum staining within one day. Groups of stained specimens were exposed to 1. Water (placebo control) 2. Enamel polished 3. Enamel polished and bleached through enamel 4. Bleached through enamel 5. Bleached through dentine 6. Bleached through enamel and dentine 7. Exposed to the bleach vehicle (minus active control). Control and bleach gel treatments were for 30 min. Comparisons of treatment effects were made using unpaired t-test on groups selected a priori for analysis. RESULTS: SG and SVS revealed that control and polish treatments had no or little effect respectively on tooth shade but all bleach treatments produced marked and statistically significant whitening effects and to a similar magnitude. Bleaching treatments returned the majority of specimens to the original shade or beyond representing a SG mean change of 13.8-15 shade guide units (SGU). Chromometer readings were consistent except that polishing alone increased tooth lightness slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Teeth were reproducibly stained internally, to provide a model in vitro by which to evaluate bleaching. The model, could be used to study many aspects of vital tooth bleaching, but has the limitation, without in vivo or in situ data, of cautiously extrapolating the effects in vitro to outcome clinically.

Colorimetry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An overview of bleaching techniques: 2. Night Guard Vital Bleaching and non-vital bleaching.

Night Guard Vital Bleaching (NGVB) or dentist-monitored bleaching technique is probably the most widely used bleaching technique because of its relative ease of use, low cost, safety and high success rate. There are many non-vital bleaching techniques available, all of which have one thing in common, usually a successful result in the procedure returning the discoloured tooth to its original colour and beyond that when required. This article will give an overview of various home bleaching techniques: materials and regimens used, bleaching procedure and treatment of side-effects. In addition, it will review various in-surgery and at home techniques used for bleaching non-vital teeth.

Administration, Topical↗