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Biomedical subjects

M T Goodman

Publications and source records attributed to M T Goodman.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

A case-control study of mesothelioma and employment in the Hawaii sugarcane industry.

We conducted a case-control study of 93 mesothelioma cases and 281 cancer controls to determine whether sugarcane workers exposed to biogenic silica fibers were at increased risk of mesothelioma. We found no important excess risk of mesothelioma in sugarcane workers [odds ratio (OR) = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.4-3.8] when we excluded all control subjects with cancer of sites suspected of being associated with asbestos exposure. We could not identify any sugarcane workers who developed mesothelioma and worked in jobs where high exposure levels of biogenic silica fibers have been measured. We did confirm that mesothelioma risk in Hawaii is associated with probable occupational asbestos exposure. Work at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard was associated with a 10-fold increase in mesothelioma when we excluded controls with cancer of sites related to asbestos exposure (OR = 10.1; 95% CI = 2.6-56.6). Work in the medical industry was also associated with an unexpected increased risk for mesothelioma (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.2-15.5).

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1994

The rise of cancer among the elderly in Hawaii.

The purpose of this study was to determine if time trends in cancer incidence among the elderly in Hawaii were similar to the trends observed in the mainland United States and to determine if the trends were comparable among the various ethnic groups living in Hawaii. Average annual incidence rates per 100,000 persons, age 65 or older, were determined by sex and ethnicity for the time periods 1973 to 1977 and 1983 to 1986 through the Hawaii Tumor Registry, a population-based central cancer registry. The incidence of all cancers combined increased 27% among men and 26% among women between the 2 time periods. Similar to the rest of the United States, melanoma and cancers of the brain, lung, colon, breast and prostate have risen substantially among elderly Hawaii residents. Comparisons across ethnic groups revealed that melanoma increased mainly among Caucasians, lung cancer increased primarily among Hawaiians and Caucasians, and colon cancer increased in all ethnic groups.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Relation of body size and the risk of lung cancer.

Two population-based case-control studies of lung cancer were conducted on the island of Oahu, HI, between 1979 and 1985. Data from these studies were combined to form the basis of this analysis. Interviews were obtained from 518 men and 230 women with lung cancer and 1,102 male and 524 female controls frequency matched to the cases by sex and five-year age group. The interview consisted of a complete tobacco history, information on body size, and other demographic and life-style information. Weight and Quetelet index (kg/m2) 5 years before diagnosis, but not at 20-29 years of age, were inversely related to the risk of lung cancer among men and women. Cases tended to gain less weight during adulthood than did controls. These associations persisted after adjustment for age, ethnicity, tobacco smoking history, and beta-carotene intake. Our results are consistent with reports by several other investigators of an inverse association between body weight and the risk of lung cancer. However, we were unable to rule out the possibility of bias in our findings due to preclinical disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Adenocarcinoma of the proximal small intestine. A marker for familial and multicentric cancer?

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is uncommon. The Hawaii Tumor Registry (HTR) has identified 49 of these tumors since 1960, and the Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study (JHCS) has identified only four of these tumors among a cohort of 8006 Hawaiian-Japanese men followed up for a period of 22 years. Each of the four men reported by the JHCS had multicentric gastrointestinal cancers. METHODS: Newly diagnosed cancers are recorded separately by the HTR and JHCS, and linkage is maintained between the two files. Family histories are available from the JHCS, and these are supplemented by a state population file maintained by the Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii. RESULTS: Five men, all Japanese, were found to have carcinoma of the proximal small intestine. Each had multicentric carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoma of the stomach and colon was found in the primary relatives of each of four men whose families lived in Hawaii. CONCLUSIONS: The familial clustering of uncommon neoplasms (small bowel carcinoma and multicentric large bowel carcinoma), and the concurrence of gastric and colonic carcinoma suggests that these subjects have a genetic trait that increases susceptibility to a broad range of carcinogens.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

The logistic modeling of interobserver agreement.

An approach to the logistic modeling of interobserver agreement is described that allows for the estimation of a commonly employed measure of agreement. The dependent variable is defined to be 1 if the two raters agree, and 0 otherwise. Covariates may be included in the regression equation in order to obtain adjusted or subgroup-specific estimates of percent agreement. As an empirical example, logistic models were fitted to data from a validation study of the agreement between interview information and physician records on the history of post-menopausal estrogen use, from a case-control study of breast cancer conducted on Oahu, Hawaii. Variables found to be related to agreement in previous univariate analyses were examined as covariates in the logistic model. The directly calculated estimates of percent agreement agreed well with the modeled estimates derived from the regression coefficients. Thus, the logistic model may provide a useful alternative to existing methods for the description of interobserver agreement.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

Dietary factors in lung cancer prognosis.

A hypothesis-generating analysis of the role of diet on survival was conducted among a sample of 463 men and 212 women with histologically-confirmed lung cancer. Interview information was obtained from two population-based case-control studies of lung cancer conducted on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, between 1979 and 1985. The interview consisted of a quantitative dietary history to assess the usual intake of foods 1 year prior to diagnosis, a complete tobacco history, and other demographic and lifestyle information. Records from the Hawaii Tumor Registry were reviewed for data on stage, histology, and follow-up status of these patients. A food group analysis showed a significant reduction in the risk of death with increasing consumption of all vegetables combined among women (P for trend = 0.03), but not among men. The covariate-adjusted median survival times for women from the highest to the lowest quartiles of vegetable intake were 33, 21, 15, and 18 months, respectively. The results also suggested an association of fruit intake and survival among women (P for trend = 0.02), although a similar effect was not found among men. Increased consumption of certain foods, such as tomatoes and oranges among men, and broccoli and, perhaps, tomatoes among women, appeared to improve survival. This exploratory analysis provides mixed indications that certain components of vegetables and fruits may prolong survival in lung cancer patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The association of body size, reproductive factors and thyroid cancer.

A population-based case-control study of the association of diet and other factors and thyroid cancer was conducted between 1980 and 1987 on Oahu, Hawaii. Study participants included 51 men and 140 women with thyroid cancer, and 113 male and 328 female controls matched on age (+/- 5 years) and sex. A significant, positive monotonic dose-response relation of weight in late adulthood (5 years prior to interview) and the risk for thyroid cancer was found for men and women. A greater than five-fold increase in the risk for thyroid cancer among men, and more than a two-fold increase in risk among women, was found for subjects in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of weight in late adulthood. Height was significantly related to the risk for thyroid cancer among men, but not women. Among men, there was a significant dose-response relation of weight in early adulthood (20-29 years of age) and the odds ratios (ORs) for thyroid cancer, although the trend was not significant after adjustment for height. Among women, there was also a positive relation of adult weight gain and thyroid cancer, with an OR of 2.6 associated with more than a 14% increase in weight. The effects of relative weight and weight gain on thyroid cancer risk were stronger in post-menopausal women than in premenopausal women. There was a significant positive interaction between fertility drug use and early adult weight and the risk for thyroid cancer in women. Odds ratios were also significantly elevated for women above the median weight in early adulthood who experienced a miscarriage or stillbirth at first pregnancy. In summary, these data show an association of weight, particularly in late adulthood, and the risk for thyroid cancer in men and women, and further suggest a positive interaction between weight in young adulthood and fertility drug use on thyroid carcinogenesis in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

High-fat foods and the risk of lung cancer.

We conducted a population-based case-control study of the association of dietary cholesterol and fat with lung cancer between 1983 and 1985 on Oahu, Hawaii. The study population included 226 men and 100 women with lung cancer, and 597 male and 268 female community controls matched for age (+/- 5 years) and sex. There was a positive dose-response relation between the consumption of processed meats (luncheon meats, bacon, sausage), dairy foods (whole milk, regular ice cream), eggs, and particular desserts (fruit pies, custard/cream pies) and the risk of lung cancer in men. We also found a positive trend in the risk of lung cancer in women with increasing intake of some processed meats (bacon, Spam) and desserts (cakes, custard/cream pies). The dose-response relation tended to be stronger among men who were heavy smokers and who were diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the lung. A positive trend in risk was found for nitrite intake in men and dimethylnitrosamine intake in men and women. These data indicate that smokers with a high intake of foods rich in fat and animal protein or who have a preference for cured meats are at increased risk of lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Relation of body size to prognosis in lung cancer patients.

A survival analysis was conducted among a sample of 463 men and 212 women with histologically confirmed lung cancer. Interview information from these patients was obtained from two population-based case-control studies of lung cancer conducted on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, between 1979 and 1985. The interview consisted of a complete tobacco history, and other demographic and lifestyle information. Records from the Hawaii Tumor Registry were reviewed for data on stage, histology, and follow-up status of these patients. Height, weight in early adulthood, and weight five years prior to diagnosis were inversely related to survival among women, after adjustment for age at diagnosis, stage, histology, ethnicity, and smoking status. No relationship of these variables to survival was found among men. The association of body size and the relative risk of death among women was strongest for patients with small cell cancer, although the association was not restricted to this cell type. The covariate-adjusted median survival times for female never-smokers below the 50th percentile of weight in early- and late-adulthood was at least twice as long as that for any other group (46 cf 17-23 months). There was no evidence for an interaction between weight in early adulthood and weight five years prior to diagnosis on the risk of death among women. Stage at diagnosis and education did not modify the association of the anthropometric variables and survival. These data suggest that weight and height may be associated with prognosis for women with lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Smoking history and survival among lung cancer patients.

Two population-based case-control studies of lung cancer were conducted on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, between 1979 and 1985. Interview information concerning smoking habits and other characteristics was obtained from a total of 463 men and 212 women with histologically confirmed lung cancer. Records from the Hawaii Tumor Registry were reviewed for information on the stage, histology, and follow-up status of these patients. Cigarette smoking was found to be positively related to the age-adjusted risk of death among women (relative risk (RR) = 1.6; 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-2.4), but not among men (RR = 0.8; 95 percent CI = 0.5-1.2). Among women, the age-adjusted median survival time for never smokers was 33 months (n = 53) compared with a median survival of 18 months (n = 159) for smokers. Both past and current female smokers were at greater risk of death than never-smokers, and there was a significant trend in the risk of death by the number of cigarettes smoked per day (P = 0.04), and the age at which the subjects started smoking (P = 0.01). The effects of tumor stage and histology upon the association between tobacco smoking and survival were also explored.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Agreement between interview information and physician records on history of menopausal estrogen use.

A case-control study of the association between replacement estrogen use and breast cancer risk was conducted between 1975 and 1980 on Oahu, Hawaii. Data from this study were used to compare menopausal estrogen histories obtained through a personal interview with information from the subject's physician(s) or clinical records. The sample included 344 breast cancer cases, 344 hospital controls, and 344 neighborhood controls. Study participants included Japanese and white women aged 45-74 years who were residents of Oahu. Interviewers asked participants whether they had ever used replacement or menopausal estrogens for 1 month or longer. The month and year of initial use and the duration of use for each preparation were recorded for the users. Questions were also asked about a number of other medications. Information on estrogen use from the users and nonusers was then verified by the physician(s) or clinic(s) named by the study subject. The results showed moderate to substantial agreement between users and physicians on ever/never use of estrogens (kappa = 0.74), duration of estrogen use (intraclass correlation coefficient (rI) = 0.54), and age at initial use of estrogens (rI = 0.57). There was no differential misclassification by the case-control status of the subject. Agreement tended to be better for Japanese subjects, younger subjects, nonsmokers, and those of higher socioeconomic status, as measured by two indicators, college education and home ownership. Agreement was also negatively influenced by the duration of estrogen use and length of recall. These results suggest that women can recall estrogen use with a high degree of accuracy and support the use of a personal interview for obtaining information on replacement estrogens in case-control studies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Ethnic patterns of childhood cancer in Hawaii between 1960 and 1984.

Cases of childhood cancer (less than 15 years of age at diagnosis), diagnosed between 1960 and 1984, were obtained from the Hawaii Tumor Registry, a population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) participant covering the entire State of Hawaii. During the 25 years of data collection, cancer was diagnosed in 398 males and 302 females, with overall age-adjusted incidence rates of 140.5 and 112.2 per million, respectively. Leukemia was the leading cause of childhood cancer, accounting for over 1/3 of diagnoses during the study period. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated for each ethnic-sex group separately based on US white age-specific incidence rates for 1973 to 1982 from the SEER program. Overall, incidence rates for childhood cancer in Hawaii were generally similar to those found in all SEER areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Hawaii.

We conducted a population-based study of diet and lung cancer among the multiethnic population of Hawaii in 1983-1985. We completed interviews for 230 men and 102 women with lung cancer and 597 men and 268 women controls, frequency-matched to the patients by age and sex. A quantitative dietary history assessed the usual intake of foods rich in vitamins A and C and carotenoids. A clear dose-dependent negative association was demonstrated between dietary beta-carotene and lung cancer risk in both sexes. After adjusting for smoking and other covariates, the men in the lowest quartile of beta-carotene intake had an odds ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.2) compared to those in the highest quartile of intake. The corresponding odds ratio for women was 2.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.1). No clear association was found for retinol, vitamin C, folic acid, iron, dietary fiber, or fruits. All vegetables, dark green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and tomatoes showed stronger inverse associations with risk than beta-carotene. This observation suggests that other constituents of vegetables, such as lutein, lycopene, and indoles, and others, may also protect against lung cancer in humans.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1989

Incidence trends and ethnic patterns for childhood leukaemia in Hawaii: 1960-1984.

We analysed data obtained from the Hawaii Tumor Registry, a population-based participant in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) programme that monitors cancer incidence and mortality for the entire state. A total of 138 males and 116 females, under the age of 15, were diagnosed with leukaemia between 1960 and 1984, with average annual age-adjusted incidence rates of 49.6 and 44.8 per million, respectively. Time trend analysis by 5-year calendar periods revealed an increasing rate for leukaemia among females only, whereas other populations have shown a positive trend in both sexes. The incidence rates for all ethnic groups combined were similar to those for US whites. Japanese and Chinese males had a slightly higher rate for leukaemia than US whites, while Filipinos, Hawaiians and whites in Hawaii had relatively lower rates. Among females, incidence was higher among whites, Filipinos, Hawaiians and Chinese than among US whites, and lower among Japanese. Thus, there were notable sex differences in the ethnic distribution of this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Hawaii.

Data were analyzed from 1110 thyroid cancer cases between 1960 and 1984 identified by the Hawaii Tumor Registry, a population-based Statistics, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) participant covering the entire state of Hawaii. Incidence rates for men and women were relatively stable during this 25-year period. The overall age-adjusted rates were 8.1 per 100,000 for women and 3.1 per 100,000 for men. There was a significant variation in incidence on the basis of ethnicity, with the highest rates for women occurring in Filipinos (18.2 per 100,000) and for men in Chinese (6.3 per 100,000). A comparison of different populations around the world showed that Hawaii has some of the highest reported incidence rates for thyroid cancer. In addition, a comparison of ethnic-specific incidence rates for groups living in Hawaii with people of the same ethnic backgrounds living in other geographic areas showed that Hawaii residents generally have much higher rates, suggesting that environmental influences are responsible for the unusually high rates in Hawaii.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

The effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on the risk of lung cancer in Hawaii.

A population-based case-control study of the association between dietary lipids and lung cancer was carried out in Hawaii between March 1983 and October 1985. The sample included 226 men and 100 women with lung cancer and 597 male and 268 female controls, frequency-matched to the cases on sex and five-year age group. Personal interviews were conducted in the home by trained interviewers using a quantitative diet history method. The items in the questionnaire were chosen to provide an estimate of 85% or more of the intakes of dietary cholesterol and fat for individuals in each of the five ethnic groups included in the study. The results showed a significant positive association of dietary cholesterol and the risk of lung cancer in men, but not in women. The odds ratio for the risk of lung cancer among men in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of cholesterol intake was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.3-3.8). Although there was a significant trend (p less than 0.05), the effect of cholesterol suggested a threshold rather than a continuous gradient. The association of cholesterol and lung cancer was consistent for three of four ethnic groups analyzed separately. These results confirmed earlier findings by these investigators. The effect of cholesterol on the development of lung cancer was restricted to current cigarette smokers who smoked tobacco heavily and to squamous and small cell histologic types of lung cancer. Similar results were found for total, saturated, and, to some extent, unsaturated dietary fat, but because of the high correlation between fat and cholesterol (r = 0.76 for total fat and cholesterol), it was not possible to separate the effects of these nutrients.

Adult↗