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Biomedical subjects

M Trautmann

Publications and source records attributed to M Trautmann.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Fluconazole in therapy of candidiasis of the oropharyngeal space in patients with HIV infection. Results of an open multicenter study of assessing the effectiveness and tolerance of fluconazole].

50 HIV-positive patients (CDC stage III to VI) with oral candidiasis proven by culture and typical clinical findings were treated with fluconazole (50 to 100 mg/day) over a period of eight to 22 days. After completion of treatment, clinical signs of oral candidiasis had disappeared in 45/50 patients. In 10/50 patients, however, increased concentrations of candida both in pharyngeal washes (greater than 10(2) PFU/ml) and throat swabs (greater than 20 colonies/culture) persisted. Four weeks later, clinical candidiasis had reappeared in 22/42 patients and another 14/42 patients without clinical symptoms had pathological concentrations of candida in culture. In no case did treatment with fluconazole itself have to be aborted because of adverse reactions. Most of the patients had multiple concomitant bacterial and/or viral infections requiring comprehensive medication. The side effects observed (nausea, headache, changes in the blood picture, etc.) were due to the concomitant infections and their specific therapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Aspirin-like drugs, ethanol-induced rat gastric injury and mucosal eicosanoid release.

The effect of oral administration of various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on ethanol-induced rat gastric injury and mucosal release of leukotriene C4, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid was investigated. It was found that besides sodium salicylate and high doses of aspirin, other salicylate-type drugs, such as diflunisal, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and methyl salicylate, and several non-acidic compounds, such as proquazone, benzydamine and paracetamol, were gastroprotective. All these drugs inhibited ex vivo leukotriene C4 formation by ethanol-stimulated gastric mucosa. However, naproxen, lonazolac, ibuprofen, gentisic acid and 5-aminosalicylic acid also inhibited leukotriene C4 formation, but were not protective. Gastroprotection was independent of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha formation. Both protective and non-protective drugs inhibited the ethanol-stimulated, but not the basal, release of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid. The results indicate that the differential effects of various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on gastroprotection against ethanol are not correlated with specific effects on mucosal cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase or 15-lipoxygenase activity.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1991

Decreased and variable systemic availability of zidovudine in patients with AIDS if administered with a meal.

The systemic availability of oral zidovudine has been studied in 13 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dosed either fasting or with breakfast. The mean peak plasma concentration and AUC of zidovudine were significantly 2.8- and 1.4-times higher in fasting patients than in those treated during meal. In both conditions the mean half-life was about 1.5 h and the period of plasma zidovudine concentrations greater than 1 mumol.l-1 was 2 h (NS). It is concluded that if zidovudine is taken on an empty stomach, high peak plasma concentrations and decreased variation in pharmacological parameters may be expected. Whether or not this will influence toxicity and efficacy remains to be shown.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Release of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid and cysteinyl-leukotrienes in carrageenin-induced inflammation: effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Inflammatory exudates obtained in rats after subcutaneous implantation of carrageenin-soaked sponges were found to contain relatively large amounts of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11, 13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and smaller amounts of cysteinyl-leukotrienes (LT) in addition to LTB4, thromboxane (TX) B2 and prostaglandin (PG)E2. Concentrations of 15-HETE and cysteinyl-LT were high 5 hours after sponge implantation and decreased significantly within 24 hours. This time-course, which is similar to that of TXB2, but differs from that of PGE2, suggests migrating leukocytes as a major source of 15-HETE and cysteinyl-LT. Aspirin, sodium salicylate, dipyrone (100 mg/kg each) and indomethacin (2 and 20 mg/kg) decrease the concentrations of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism, but did not significantly affect levels of 15-HETE. Cysteinyl-LT were increased by 20 mg/kg indomethacin, but remained unaffected by 2 mg/kg indomethacin and by the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) tested. 15-HETE and cysteinyl-LT could play a mediator role in inflammation. In addition, they could modulate the release and effects of other inflammatory mediators.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Role of cholecystokinin in cholestyramine-induced changes of the exocrine pancreas.

This study was an investigation of the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the stimulatory action of cholestyramine on rat exocrine pancreas. Postprandial CCK release was significantly enhanced by acute administration of cholestyramine (12.7 +/- 1.8 vs 3.7 +/- 0.5 pmol/L in controls). Over four weeks, rats were fed either regular diet or diet containing 6% cholestyramine, and were treated with the specific CCK receptor antagonist L-364,718 (2 x 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day s.c.) or DMSO (vehicle for the antagonist). Cholestyramine significantly increased pancreatic weight and trypsin and chymotrypsin contents. L-364,718 abolished these effects. Concomitant administration of antagonist and cholestyramine elevated amylase content, compared to controls. CCK levels in fasted animals did not differ between the four groups. The effect of the same dose of L-364,718 on pancreatic enzyme depletion, induced by the protease inhibitor camostate, was studied in a control experiment. A single dose of camostate (200 mg/kg) caused a 44-68% decrease in enzyme content. L-364,718 reversed this effect for all enzymes. We conclude that CCK is the mediator of cholestyramine-induced pancreatic hypertrophy and increase in content of proteases. After long-term administration, the CCK receptor antagonist, in combination with cholestyramine revealed an agonistic effect on individual, pancreatic enzyme content.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Fish oil reduces ethanol-induced damage of the duodenal mucosa in humans.

Eight healthy volunteers were studied before and after 3 weeks of dietary supplementation with fish oil (10.5 g day-1, 18% (1.9 g) eicosapentaenoic acid). Duodenal mucosal lesions were induced by instillation of 40 ml ethanol (40%). Mean endoscopic lesion score was lower after fish oil treatment (1.62 +/- 0.32; mean +/- SEM) than before (3.25 +/- 0.31; P less than 0.01). Histologic lesion score fell from 22.75 +/- 1.98 before treatment to 13.50 +/- 1.51 after fish oil (P less than 0.01). Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid output remained unaffected. Release of prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, and thromboxane B2 from biopsy specimens of the duodenal mucosa in vitro was not significantly altered after fish oil ingestion. In the same in vitro system calcium ionophore A23187-induced release of total leukotriene C (LTC) increased from 10.6 +/- 1.5 ng g-1 mucosa 20 min before treatment to 30.4 +/- 3.2 ng after fish oil. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that this increase was partly due to formation of LTC5 as after fish oil 28% of total LTC were identified as LTC5 whereas 72% were LTC4. We conclude that in humans fish oil reduces ethanol-induced damage of the duodenal mucosa without inhibiting gastric acid secretion or stimulating prostaglandin formation. It remains to be clarified if the changes in leukotriene formation are relevant for the mucosaprotective fish oil effect.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1991

Neuropsychiatric side effects after the use of mefloquine.

This study describes neuropsychiatric side effects in patients after treatment with mefloquine. Reactions consisted mainly of seizures, acute psychoses, anxiety neurosis, and major disturbances of sleep-wake rhythm. Side effects occurred after both therapeutic and prophylactic intake and were graded from moderate to severe. In a risk analysis of neuropsychiatric side effects in Germany, it is estimated that one of 8,000 mefloquine users suffers from such reactions. The incidence calculation revealed that one of 215 therapeutic users had reactions, compared with one of 13,000 in the prophylaxis group, making the risk of neuropsychiatric reactions after mefloquine treatment 60 times higher than after prophylaxis. Therefore, certain limitations for malaria prophylaxis and treatment with mefloquine are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Clinical experiences with mefloquine in tropical malaria--a prospective study].

The therapeutic effects and side effects of mefloquine in falciparum malaria were investigated in an open prospective trial involving 20 patients. None of them had a history of neurologic or psychiatric disorders. Mefloquine was given in a total dose of 1500 mg base. The cure rate was 100%, fever and parasitemia subsided within 3 days. Side effects were vomitus and nausea in 25% of the patients. No neurological or psychiatric disorders were observed. Mefloquine was shown to be a safe therapeutic agent in the dosage used. However, regular follow-up examinations should be done in short intervals because of the possibility of late neuropsychiatric side effects; the patients and their relatives should be informed about this fact.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Multiple amebic liver abscesses: ultrasound diagnosis and ultrasound-controlled puncture].

Amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess were diagnosed in a 45-year-old patient who had returned from Thailand. Ultrasound scans performed after starting treatment with metronidazole showed an abscess located above the right kidney that had enlarged to a maximum diameter of 9.7 cm. Since rupture of this lesion was felt to be imminent, ultrasound-guided needle biopsy was performed and 300 ml of abscess fluid evacuated. The patient experienced rapid relief of his symptoms. The role of ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis and follow-up of amebic liver abscesses and the indications for ultrasound-guided needle aspiration are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Cerebral and meningeal manifestations of AIDS: sensitivity of CT and T2-weighted MRT (129 patients)].

We studied 129 AIDS patients with suspected or proved intracranial manifestations of the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of unenhanced and contrast enhanced CT and unenhanced T2-weighted MR. In 35/129 patients CT and MR findings were normal. In 37/129 patients equivalent findings were obtained with both methods. Although CT and MR demonstrated intracranial pathology in 25 cases, MR was clearly superior. Six of these cases had solitary lesions in CT, while MR demonstrated multiple lesions. MR detected more foci than CT. In 24 patients with normal CT, MR detected intracranial manifestations of AIDS, namely solitary lesions in 8, multiple lesions in 12 and meningeal alterations in 4 patients. In only 8 patients with normal MR findings, CT revealed pathological contrast enhancement in 2 and parenchymal calcifications in 6 patients. Thus, in 20% of our patients MR but not CT was diagnostic. In another 20% MR provided additional diagnostic information. In conclusion, MR is recommended as the imaging modality of choice in AIDS patients with non-conclusive cranial CT.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in liver cirrhosis.

The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin were evaluated in 11 patients (3 patients with impaired renal function) with advanced liver cirrhosis after a single oral dose of 500 mg. Mean serum peaks were 2.80 +/- 1.00 mg/l in 64 +/- 37 min after intake in patients with normal renal function. Elimination was reduced in comparison with healthy volunteers: t1/2 beta 510 +/- 158 min with a total area under the curve of 18.2 +/- 10.3 mg x h/l. Mean recovery of the parent compound from urine was 38 +/- 9% of the dose. In 3 patients with cirrhosis plus poor renal function, elimination was markedly reduced. In patients under 60 years with good renal function, the standard does not require a reduction.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Penetration of ciprofloxacin into the spinal fluid in patients with viral and bacterial meningitis.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 20 patients with varying degrees of meningeal inflammation. Underlying clinical syndromes were viral meningitis (n = 10), convalescent phase of acute bacterial meningitis (n = 9), and acute phase of bacterial meningitis (n = 1). CSF concentrations following an intravenous dose of 200 mg ranged between 0.028 and 0.11 mg/l (5.8-26.8% of corresponding serum levels) in patients with viral meningitis, and between 0.049 and 0.389 mg/l (5.9-77.0% of corresponding serum levels) in patients with bacterial meningitis. Taken together with the findings of other authors, the results indicate a potential usefulness of ciprofloxacin as an alternative agent for treatment of meningitis due to susceptible gram-negative microorganisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Infection caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A comparative study].

The clinical symptomatology of bacterial septicemias was analysed in 417 patients of a University Hospital in West Berlin. Sepsis was caused by Gram-negative organisms in 229 cases, and by Gram-positive bacteria in 177 cases; 11 cases presented with a mixed type sepsis involving both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. With the exception of a drop in blood pressure, observed appreciably more often in Gram-negative infections (42.4% of the cases as compared with only 25.4% in the case of septicemia due to Gram-positive organisms, (p less than 0.01), no significant clinical differences were seen between Gram-negative and Gram-positive sepsis. Pathophysiological changes (thrombopenia, leukopenia, coagulopathies) that are considered classical reactions to endotoxin, were also observed in Gram-positive infections. The overall prognosis of septicemia was determined largely by the severity of the underlying pathological condition.

Bacterial Infections↗