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Biomedical subjects

M W Adler

Publications and source records attributed to M W Adler.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Hypothermia and poikilothermia induced by a kappa-agonist opioid and a neuroleptic.

When an opioid acting selectively at the kappa opioid receptor is administered subcutaneously to rats along with a neuroleptic at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C a marked hypothermia ensues. The combination of U-50,488H (a kappa agonist) and chlorpromazine (a neuroleptic) caused a drop in body temperature amounting to as much as 11 degrees C, with all animals recovering after 24-48 h. Naloxone partially reversed the hypothermia. Similar, but less dramatic, decreases in body temperature occurred with other neuroleptics and weaker kappa agonists. The induction of poikilothermia was indicated when the body temperature approached the environment temperature and lethality resulted in 100% of the animals at ambient temperatures of 5 degrees C or 35 degrees C. The potential utility of this or similar combinations of drugs lies in such diverse applications as cardiac surgery, treatment of the near-drowning syndrome and space travel.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1987

HIV infection: increase in public awareness and anxiety.

Between the end of September and mid-November 1986 the number of patients who requested antibody testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at this department increased by over 300%. This increase followed a media campaign that emphasised the potential heterosexual spread of HIV. After pretest counselling roughly one quarter of the women and of the heterosexual men decided not to be tested. The reason given most often by women for testing was previous sexual intercourse with bisexual or possibly bisexual men. Heterosexual men were most often concerned about previous casual encounters or contact with prostitutes. Of the 641 tests for HIV antibody performed during the last three months of 1986, 37 (5-8%) were positive. Because an increasing number of patients are attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics for HIV antibody testing staffing levels in these clinics need to be reappraised now.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Impaired responsiveness of homosexual men with HIV antibodies to plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine.

Thirty five homosexual men (17 positive for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 18 consistently negative) were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus infection. Eight of the 17 seropositive patients failed to develop detectable hepatitis B surface antibody within three months of the third injection compared with only one of the 18 seronegative patients (p less than 0.01). HIV infection is prevalent in the developed world in groups at risk for hepatitis B infection and in certain Third World countries where widespread vaccination programmes exist. This study shows the impact that coincident HIV infection may have on an otherwise efficacious vaccine. The efficacy of this and other vaccines in patients infected with HIV needs to be studied urgently.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in London.

The prevalence of antibody against human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), which rose among British homosexual/bisexual men attending a London sexually-transmitted-disease clinic from 3.7% (4/107) in March, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in July, 1984, was 18.1% (17/94) in April/May 1985, 24.5% (61/249) in January, 1986, and 25.3% (25/99) in November/December, 1986. This slower rise in anti-HIV prevalence coincided with a fall in the annual gonorrhoea rate from 15.3% in 1982 to 5.1% in the first half of 1986 in the same male homosexual clinic population. Over the same period a reduction in the number of sexual partners and a change to safer sexual practices has been documented among homosexual and bisexual men taking part in a prospective study of the natural history of HIV infection. These data support the value of continuing preventive efforts to control viral spread in the absence of an effective vaccine or therapy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Identity cards for patients infected with HIV?

Dr A C Srivastava has written to us to describe a case that raises the suggestion that people infected with the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) should carry identity cards. We asked two physicians, a general practitioner working with patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and a general practitioner with a special interest in medical ethics to respond to the broad issues raised by Dr Srivastava's letter.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the regular sexual partners of homosexual men with AIDS and persistent generalised lymphadenopathy.

Thirty-five homosexual men who had been the regular sexual partners (for at least 6 months) of anti-HIV-positive patients with AIDS (N = 18) or PGL (N = 17) were studied. Twenty-one (60%) were seropositive, but 14 (40%) were consistently anti-HIV-negative. The duration of relationship with the index case was not statistically different in seropositive compared to seronegative partners; median 26 months (range 7-60) vs 30 months (range 7-60). However, seropositive partners had a significantly higher monthly number of other sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases and a higher frequency of insertive and receptive anal intercourse in the preceding five years. The risk of acquiring HIV infection was significantly increased by frequent receptive anal intercourse when the frequency of insertive was controlled for but not the converse. Seronegative partners had undetectable antibodies by live and fixed cell immunofluorescence and by radioimmunoprecipitation and were repeatedly negative by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Furthermore, the sera of seronegative partners lacked HIV neutralising activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from seronegative partners, stained with monoclonal antibodies to seven different CD4 epitopes, revealed no differences when compared to those from heterosexual controls and no qualitative differences from cells from seropositive individuals. In addition, PBMCs from seronegative partners could be productively infected by HIV in vitro. If resistance to infection in seronegative partners exists, then it is likely that mechanisms other than a specific humoral immunity or CD4 polymorphisms are involved.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1987

Effect of cocaine on the immune response and host resistance in BALB/c mice.

This study focuses on the effect of varying regimens of cocaine administration on three parameters of the immune response: antibody production, resistance to infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae following immunization, and resistance to tumors. The effect of cocaine on antibody production of female and male BALB/c mice was investigated to both a T-independent (pneumococcal polysaccharide type III [SSS-III]) and a T-dependent antigen (the 2,4-dinitrophenyl ligand [DNP]). It was found that high doses of cocaine injected 3 times/day prior to SSS-III resulted in a small rise in antibody levels in male mice. Low doses given for 4 days prior to or subsequent to SSS-III injection had no effect on the antibody response nor on the susceptibility to infection by live S. pneumoniae. High dosages of cocaine administered 3-5 times/day had no effect on the anti-DNP immune response of male mice but resulted in an almost 2-fold increase of anti-DNP plaque-forming cells in female mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome and epidemic of infection with human immunodeficiency virus: costs of care and prevention in an inner London district.

The epidemic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) necessitates early planning of services and allocation of resources. The use of hospital resources by patients with AIDS and the planned additional costs of clinical and preventive services for the epidemic of infection with HIV were calculated for an inner London health district that has treated 18% of the cases in the United Kingdom. Patients with AIDS required on average 50 days of inpatient hospital care each at an estimated current average lifetime cost of pounds 6800. These costs, however, underestimated the additional capital and revenue costs of planned new preventive and treatment services, estimated as being pounds 388,000 revenue and pounds 472,000 capital for 1986-7. It is important to invest now in preventive services throughout the United Kingdom to reduce the future social and financial costs of AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Body temperature effects of opioids in rats: intracerebroventricular administration.

A variety of opioids were injected intracerebroventricularly into unrestrained rats, and rectal temperatures were monitored over several hours. Complete dose-response data for morphine, heroin, etorphine, d- and l-ethylketazocine, d- and l-pentazocine, and d- and l-N-allylnormetazocine revealed a predominant response of hyperthermia. Only etorphine in high doses caused a pronounced decrease in body temperature. These results differed considerably from those obtained previously with subcutaneously administered opioids but can be explained in terms of a dual-receptor theory of temperature control.

Animals↗