Reorganization and expression of immunoglobulin genes: status of allelic elements.
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Alleles↗
Biomedical subjects
M Weigert
Publications and source records attributed to M Weigert.
The joining of V and J gene segments creates antibody diversity.
The variable regions of mouse kappa (kappa) chains are coded for by multiple variable (V) gene segments and multiple joining (J) gene segments. The V kappa gene segments code for residues 1 to 95; the J kappa gene segments code for residues 96 to 108 (refs 1-3). This gene organisation is similar to that encoding the V lambda regions. Diversity in V kappa regions arises from several sources: (1) there are multiple germ-line V kappa gene segments and J kappa gene segments; (2) combinatorial joining of V kappa gene segments with different germline J kappa gene segments; and possibly, (3) somatic point mutation, as postulated for V lambda gene segments. Also, from a comparison of the number of germ-line J kappa gene segments and amino acid sequences, it has been suggested that J kappa region sequences may be determined by the way V kappa and J kappa gene segments are joined. This report supports this model by directly associating various J kappa sequences with given J kappa gene segments.
Animals↗
[The polyurethane shoe -- a new possibility in the treatment of the toe and metatarsal fractures (author's transl)].
The problem of supporting casts in the treatment of metatarsal and toe fractures is discussed. A therapeutic enrichment is given by a new polyurethane cast, the so-called PU-shoe, which can even be worn in a little wider than normal ready-made shoe. The proedure is demonstrated with some clinical examples.
Adult↗
Transcription of mouse kappa chain genes: implications for allelic exclusion.
The nuclear RNA from a large variety of kappa-producing plasmacytomas was size fractionated and analyzed with a series of cloned probes representing sequences encoding variable (V), joining (J), and constant (C) regions and selected intervening sequences. All of the plasmacytomas produce a nuclear RNA component that contains V kappa and C kappa sequences as well as the intervening sequence between J kappa and C kappa, and that has a distinctive size depending on which of the four J kappa segments is expressed (i.e., is present in the secreted kappa chain). These RNAs are the precursors of kappa mRNAs, which are transcribed from productively rearranged C kappa genes. Half of the plasmacytomas examined produce, in addition to a kappa mRNA precursor, a discrete component of about 8.4 kilobases that contains C kappa and upstream flanking sequences but lacks the expressed V region sequence. The ability to produce this component is always associated with the persistence in the tumor genome of an unrearranged (germline) J kappa-C kappa region. In tumors rearranged at both kappa loci the nonproductive allele is either transcriptionally silent or, in a minority of cases, transcribed and processed into a "fragment" mRNA lacking V region sequences. These results reveal that allelic exclusion can be effected at several levels of gene expression. They also provide some insight into the relative contributions of the V and C gene elements to this expression.
Alleles↗
Antibody gene linkage studies in (NZB X C58) recombinant-inbred lines.
A set of recombinant inbred mouse strains has been constructed from the cross of NZB by C58. These strains provide new tools for the analysis of antibody heavy and light chain genes and NZB autoimmunity. Typing of heavy chain genes confirmed the allotype linkage of the dextran response locus Igh-Dex. One strain has fixed a recombinant chromosome carrying NZB allotype genes and the Dex+ variable region gene from C58. Two kappa-light chain variable region genes, Igk-Pc and Igk-Ef1, co-segregated with the Lyt-2 lymphocyte alloantigen locus. This confirms the tight linkage of these loci and decreases the maximum estimate of the recombination frequency between them to 1.7%.
Animals↗
[Hip joint replacement without cement (author's transl)].
A description is given concerning the factors of implants necessary to be durably inserted without using bone cement. A survey follows concerning experimental and clinical experiences with new implant materials. Ceramique and carbon implants seem to be most promising for the future.
Bone Cements↗
A search for hapten-binding mouse plasmacytoma proteins.
Six hundred and twelve mouse plasmacytomas were screened for hapten binding by using eleven different bacteriophage-hapten conjugates (phage T4 conjugated with haptens NP, NIP, DIP, DNP,BOC-ABA-Tyr, ABA-NP, ABA-MIP, ABS-HOP, PAB-HOP, penicillin G, cloxacillin). Fifteen ascites fluids (2.4%) inactivated at least one of the phage conjugates at a high dilution indicating binding. The specificity of these reactions was studied by titrating one ascites fluid with phage conjugates carring unrelated haptens, and by inhibiting the phage inactivation with free haptens. Of the 15 myeloma proteins, 10 had high titers (at least 30 times higher than the ascites fluid background) with the NIP-cap phage or the NP-cap phage or both. Four had high titers with the DNP-cap phage and one with the ABA-MIP phage. Thirteen of the 15 myeloma proteins were IgA, one was IgM and one IgG2b.
Animals↗
Total replacement of the femur and its adjacent joints.
We report three cases of alloplastic replacement of the femur and its adjacent joints. The indications and operative technique are described. The femoral shaft of polyethylene can be manufactured within a short time and may be individually adapted to standard replacements of the hip and knee. The operation may be performed even on older patients, it preserves the limb and allows early mobilisation with full weight bearing.
Aged↗
Myeloma proteins from NZB and BALB/c mice: structural and functional differences.
Structural and functional analyses of myeloma immunoglobulins from inbred BALB/c mice and humans have provided important insights into the structure of the antibody molecule and the expression and evolution of antibody genes. One important question concerning these analyses is whether the myeloma process selects, in a nonrandom manner, the lymphocytes to be transformed. The availability of myeloma tumors in a second inbred strain of mouse, NZB, permits us to approach this question. In this respect. the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of 27 kappa light chains as well as data relating to the antigen-binding properties and immunoglobulin class distribution of NZB myeloma proteins are presented and compared with similar data from the BALB/c mouse. These studies suggest that the myeloma proteins from the BALB/c and NZB mice constitute two populations of immunoglobulins with distinct functional and structural properties. The implication of this observation are discussed.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Comparisons of myeloma proteins from NZB and BALB/c mice: structural and functional differences of heavy chains.
The N-terminal sequences from heavy variable regions of 47 myeloma proteins of the NZB mouse have been analyzed. Sixteen of these VH regions have unblocked alpha amino groups and have been analyzed over their N-terminal 20 residues by automatic sequence analysis. These sequence data along with the antigen-binding profiles and immunoglobulin class distribution are compared with comparable data from BALB/c myeloma proteins. These comparisons suggest that the NZB and BALB/c populations of myeloma proteins are distinct from one another. The genetic implications of this conclusion are discussed.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Results following microsurgical nerve sutures in rabbits].
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Animals↗
[The treatment of calcaneal fractures (author's transl)].
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Calcaneus↗
[Fractures of the forearm in children; operative treatment (author's transl)].
The knowledge of the special characteristics of fractures in childhood determine the method of treatment. Within 2 1/2 years 162 fractures of the forearm were treated, 23 of them by open reposition. The specialities of the different anatomical regions and the best way of treatment are discussed. Conservative and operative methods complement each other to obtain the best result while the risk for the little patient is reduced.
Adolescent↗
[Different indications for endoprotheses of the hip joint (ceramics (Al2O3) or internal shells?) (author's transl)].
The internal shell endoprothesis for the hip joint after Wagner has considerably limited the indications for the implantation of ceramic endoprotheses to patients under 60 years, because less bone substance has to be sacrificed. Furthermore there are indications for ceramic endoprotheses in cases of substance defects of the femoral head and neck, to some extent also in cases of dysplasia and protrusio acetabuli, and by loosening traditional total hip endoprotheses.
Adult↗
[Inter- and subtrochanterie fractures treated by Ender's method (author's transl)].
308 patients with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric femoral fractures were treated by Ender's method of intramedullary fixation from June 1975 to September 1978. The average age was 78,4 years, the mortality rate was 16,3 per cent. There was no infection of the bone and no non-union. In 78 per cent of re-examined patients the hip function was good and very good. The treatment of old patients with this operation is the method of choice.
Adult↗
[Rare injuries of the Achilles tendon (author's transl)].
The problems of Achilles tendon rupture become more important, because the number of sport injuries is increasing. The typical rupture (transverse rupture) is well known. However in literature the medial rupture between muscle and tendon of the musc. gastrocnemius and the longitudinal rupture of the Achilles tendon are rarely mentionaled. This article describes the special symptoms of these injuries and their therapy.
Achilles Tendon↗
Immunoglobulins with hapten-binding activity: structure-function correlations and genetic implications.
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Amino Acid Sequence↗
Chromosomal locations of mouse immunoglobulin genes.
The chromosomal locations of the structural genes coding for the constant portions of mouse heavy (H) and light chain immunoglobulins were studied by molecular hybridization techniques. Complementary DNA probes containing the constant-region sequences of kappa and lambdaI light chain and alpha, gamma2b, and mu heavy chain mRNAs were annealed to a large excess of DNA from a series of eight mouse-human hybrid cell lines that are deficient for various mouse chromosomes. The lines were scored as positive when a high proportion of a probe annealed and negative when an insignificant proportion annealed. Some lines were clearly negative for H and lambda and clearly positive for kappa. Others were positive or intermediate for lambda, positive for kappa and negative for H. Still others, including a line that was selected for the absence of the mouse X chromosome, were positive for all immunoglobulin species. These results demonstrate that the Clambda, Ckappa, and CH genes are located on different autosomes in the mouse. In contrast, the three heavy-chain families exhibited consistently uniform hybridization results, suggesting that the genes for Calpha, Cgamma, and Cmu are located on the same chromosome. A comparison of karyotypic data with hybridization data has limited the possible locations of the Ig genes to only a few chromosomes.
Animals↗