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Biomedical subjects

M Windle

Publications and source records attributed to M Windle.

54 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Adolescent perceptions of help-seeking resources for substance abuse.

Adolescent perceptions of help-seeking social resources (e.g., parents, friends, school counselor, clergyman) they would utilize if they were having substance abuse difficulties were investigated for samples of early and middle adolescents. 8 different perceived help-seeking categories were identified, and intergroup comparisons were made with regard to gender and ethnic/racial group and with regard to alcohol consumption, substance-related problems, and school misconduct. 2 perceived help-seeking categories had the highest levels of problem behaviors. The first category consisted of adolescents who identified friends as the only social resource they would utilize if they were having substance abuse problems. The second category, referred to as social isolates, indicated that they would not utilize any social resource if they were having substance abuse problems. There were approximately twice as many male social isolates as female social isolates, and blacks and Hispanics were highly overrepresented in the social isolate category.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Marriage and alcohol use: a longitudinal study of "maturing out".

Earlier findings have suggested that marriage may provide protection from a variety of physical and psychological problems. In particular, numerous studies have demonstrated a consistent relationship between marital status and alcohol use. To examine this relationship more carefully, we performed a longitudinal analysis of data collected on the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience. Four marital transition groups were constructed based upon marital status across a 3-year period: stably single, married year 3, married year 2 and stably married. Results of repeated-measures MANCOVAS performed on alcohol-use patterns across time as a function of marital-transition group supported the notion that individuals begin moderating their alcohol consumption prior to their actual transition to married status with the trend continuing into the first year of marriage. The data further suggested that this decline in alcohol use stabilizes shortly thereafter, apparently within 1 year after marriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Antecedents and correlates of alcohol, cocaine, and alcohol-cocaine abuse in early adulthood.

We used a fourfold substance abuse typology consisting of non-abusers, alcohol abusers, cocaine abusers, and joint alcohol and cocaine abusers with a nationally representative sample of young adults (aged 19-26 years) to investigate issues related to prevalence, antecedents, and correlates of substance abuse. The prevalence data indicate higher alcohol abuse among white males, but approximately equal proportions of cocaine abuse and joint alcohol and cocaine abuse across gender and ethnic/racial groups. A simplex-like ordering was found for the four abuse groups with regard to the degree of problem severity associated with most of the antecedents and correlates. Joint alcohol and cocaine abusers demonstrated the highest levels of previous thirty-day and lifetime drug use, high levels of delinquent activity, and the highest rates of unemployment and marital instability. Cocaine abusers demonstrated the second highest levels of problem severity, alcohol abusers the third highest levels, and non-abusers the lowest levels. An exception to the simplex-like pattern was found with respect to educational attainment and verbal intelligence. Joint alcohol and cocaine abusers reported the lowest high school dropout rate and scored the highest on a measure of verbal intelligence. We suggest that joint alcohol and cocaine abusers may be characterized as "non-strivers" or "underachievers," quite possibly as a consequence of substance abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Salient issues in the development of alcohol abuse in adolescence.

A developmental orientation that focuses on phase specific adolescent events is proposed to conceptualize and direct research concerning adolescent drinking behavior. The potential usefulness of this approach is illustrated with regard to the developmental events of the onset of puberty, the changing roles of peers and friends, and the process of individuation with regard to parental relations. The role of childhood behavior problems as risk factors for adolescent alcohol abuse is discussed and a proposal is made to investigate further coexisting disorders among chemically dependent adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A longitudinal study of antisocial behaviors in early adolescence as predictors of late adolescent substance use: gender and ethnic group differences.

Data from the National Longitudinal Youth Survey (NLSY) were analyzed to study interrelationships between antisocial behaviors in early adolescence (ages 14-15) and late adolescent alcohol and drug use 4 years later (when adolescents were 18-19). Correlations between classes of antisocial behaviors in early adolescence and substance use in late adolescence were of higher magnitude and more uniform for men than for women; for women, property offenses (e.g., vandalism) in early adolescence were more highly associated with alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and illicit drug use in late adolescence than with either status offenses or transgressions against persons. Multiple regression analyses indicated that early-adolescent substance involvement was a significant predictor of late-adolescent alcohol and drug use. Additional significant predictors included early adolescent general delinquency, male gender, and non-Black ethnicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Problem drinking and depression among DWI offenders: a three-wave longitudinal study.

Longitudinal data collected at 3 occasions of measurement from a convicted driving-while-intoxicated sample (n = 302) were used to study the interrelations between problem drinking and depressive symptomatology. Time intervals between occasions of measurement were approximately 9 months. Cross-lagged latent variable models indicated that higher levels of depression at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower levels of problem drinking at Time 2. Similarly, higher levels of problem drinking at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower levels of depression at Time 2. However, the direction of effects for the cross-lagged coefficients were reversed for the Time-2-Time-3 relations. Higher levels of depression at Time 2 were significantly associated with higher levels of problem drinking at Time 3, and higher levels of problem drinking at Time 2 were associated with higher levels of depression at Time 3. The results are interpreted to reflect a biphasic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The HK/MBD questionnaire: factor structure and discriminant validity with an adolescent sample.

A somewhat revised four-factor structure emerged for the HK/MBD questionnaire with a sample of nonclinical adolescents. The three factors of hyperactivity/impulsivity, antisocial/oppositional behaviors, and learning problems largely retained their factor integrity, but a distinct peer dysfunction factor replaced attentional/socialization problems with the adolescent sample. Acceptable levels of internal consistency were found for three of the factors (excluding learning problems), and interrater reliability between adolescents and their primary caregivers was significant for all four factors. High factor intercorrelations were reported for hyperactivity/impulsivity and antisocial/oppositional behaviors. Differential predictive relations were found between the four factors and adolescent problem behaviors. Specifically, hyperactivity/impulsivity and antisocial/oppositional behaviors were most highly correlated with externalizing symptoms such as alcohol problems, delinquency, illicit drug use, and poor school performance. Peer dysfunction was most highly correlated with internalizing, depressive symptoms. Learning problems correlated most highly with poor school performance, and moderately with alcohol problems and depressive symptoms. There were no statistically significant differences in the strength of the interrelations between the factors of the HK/MBD questionnaire and adolescent problem behaviors for males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The class II genes of the rat MHC.

Genes that encode class II Ag from the MHC of the rat, the RT1 region, have been isolated as a series of cosmid clones. The cosmids define two clusters, each of which contains three identifiable sequences; one homologous to alpha-chain and two to beta-chain genes. Both the serologically identified rat class II Ag have been expressed in mouse L cell fibroblasts after the introduction of each alpha-chain gene along with a beta-chain gene from the same cluster. There are substantial homologies to the I region of the mouse H-2 complex in the presence, location, orientation, and expression of the six identified sequences from the rat RT1, supporting the view that the overall organization of the two gene complexes has remained conserved since the species separated.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Causal models of adolescent substance use: an examination of gender differences using distribution-free estimators.

On the basis of previous literature (Hays, Widaman, DiMatteo, & Stacey, 1987; Huba, Wingard, & Bentler, 1981), four alternative causal models of substance use were specified, estimated, and evaluated for adequacy of statistical fit for samples of White male (N = 9,164) and female (N = 8,421) adolescents. Results supported the adequacy of a four-variable simplex model, in which alcohol use predicted marijuana use, and marijuana use predicted enhancer and dampener hard drug use. The four-variable simplex model was robust across the male and female adolescent samples. In addition, we found comparisons of maximum likelihood and asymptotically distribution-free estimators to be relatively robust across the causal models specified with respect to the magnitude of the parameter estimates, and with respect to the significance levels of the critical ratios, although chi-square model fit statistics for the maximum likelihood estimates were highly inflated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cognitive ability and drinking behavior in a national sample of young adults.

The role of verbal intelligence (VI) as an antecedent and moderator of alcohol-related problems was investigated for a national sample of young adults. A measure of VI was used to predict alcohol related behavior 5 years later. Results indicated that lower VI was associated with lower risk for drinking per se. Lower VI was also associated with higher risk for alcohol-related problems among those who drink. These findings were robust across gender, age, and to a large extent across different areas of alcohol related problems. Cognitive-behavioral functions associated with intelligence, such as social judgement, social inference, and social skills, are proposed as possible moderators of the relationship between intelligence and alcohol-related problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Alcoholism and depressive symptomatology among convicted DWI men and women.

Interrelationships between DSM-III-based alcoholism diagnostic groups and depressive symptomatology were assessed for a sample of 461 convicted DWI offenders. The highest rate of depressive symptomatology was reported by persons diagnosed as alcohol dependent, and such findings were robust across male and female offenders. However, a significant interaction effect was found in which alcohol-dependent women reported higher levels of depressive symptomatology than alcohol-dependent men. With the exception that men reported significantly more previous DWI arrests than women, few differences were found between the gender groups with respect to a range of demographic variables, alcohol use and alcohol-related problems.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1989

High-risk behaviors for AIDS among heterosexual alcoholics: a pilot study.

A total of 51 (34 men and 17 women) heterosexual alcoholic inpatients were assessed with respect to their engagement in high-risk behaviors for HIV infection and AIDS. Results indicated that a subset of the subjects engaged in frequent and diverse high-risk sexual activities, often had several different sexual partners over a 6-month period, frequently used drugs during sexual activities and sometimes used drugs intravenously. The frequency of high risk behaviors was similar for men and women, but minority subjects engaged in higher levels of high-risk behaviors than did whites. Both age and educational level were inversely related to behavioral risk for HIV infection. Although the current findings are limited due to sample size and representativeness, the results indicate that future research needs to focus on high-risk behaviors for HIV infection among alcoholics, with more attention directed toward prevention and intervention strategies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among male and female adolescents.

This study examined similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among a random household sample of male and female adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. Several similarities emerged between the two gender groups which were consistent with previous research, including a pattern of convergence among the variables of alcohol consumption, times drunk in the last year, and delinquent behavior; the salience of the peer context in alcohol-related behavior; and high associations between reasons, or motives, for drinking and alcohol consumption and problem behaviors. With respect to reasons for drinking, excitement-seeking, or pleasurable, reasons were highly related to outcome variables. Gender differences were reported for relationships between two indices of affective functioning, namely distress symptoms and escapist, tension-reducing reasons for drinking, and outcome variables related to delinquent behavior, school functioning, and aspects of self-concept. These differences are discussed with respect to possible differential socialization experiences among males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Family factors in adolescent alcohol and drug abuse.

Family structure, parental socialization practices and peer involvement were examined for their influence on alcohol-related problems, illicit drug use and other deviant behavior among a high school sample of adolescents. Parental support, specific parental guidelines for adolescent behaviors and parental attitudes toward drinking were found to be significant predictors of all three problem behavior outcomes. Conflict between parent and peer attitudes also was found to have a significant impact on substance abuse and other problem behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A psychometric study of the Bem Sex Role Inventory with an older adult sample.

The factor structure of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) for an older adult sample was investigated. Confirmatory factor-analytic procedures failed to yield an adequate fit for the orthogonal two-factor model proposed by Bem for either men or women. Maximum-likelihood exploratory factor analyses were conducted separately for each sex. Eight- and nine-factor solutions for men and women, respectively, emerged as the most adequate models representing the observed variance/covariance matrices. Issues are raised regarding the usefulness of median-split-based procedures with the BSRI for purposes of sex role classifications and for assessing age-related changes in personality functioning among older adults. An alternative conceptual and methodological approach is proposed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interparental discord and adolescent adjustment trajectories: the potentiating and protective role of intrapersonal attributes.

This prospective study of 360 adolescent-mother dyads examined whether associations between marital discord and trajectories of adolescent depressive symptoms and delinquency varied as a function of three intrapersonal attributes: temperament, childhood behavior problems, and perceived family support. Difficult temperament (i.e., dysrhythmicity, poor task orientation) potentiated the effects of marital discord on adolescent trajectories of adjustment, whereas heightened perceptions of family support protected adolescents from the adverse effects of marital discord. Adolescents with behavior problem histories were initially less vulnerable to marital discord; however, the high levels of depressive symptoms exhibited by adolescents with childhood behavior problems persisted over time only when they were exposed to elevated marital discord. The effects of the moderators differed in terms of duration and course.

Adaptation, Psychological↗