Biomedical subjects

Makoto Araie

Publications and source records attributed to Makoto Araie.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2007

Frequency doubling technology perimetry in open-angle glaucoma eyes with hemifield visual field damage: comparison of high-tension and normal-tension groups.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry in open-angle glaucoma eyes with hemifield visual field damage and to compare it between open-angle glaucoma with high pressure [high-tension glaucoma (HTG)] and those with normal pressure [normal-tension glaucoma (NTG)] groups. METHODS: FDT perimetry with the N-30 full threshold protocol and standard automated perimetry (SAP) using the Humphrey Field Analyzer with the 30-2 full threshold protocol were performed in 20 eyes of 20 HTG patients and 36 eyes of 36 NTG patients with visual field damage confirmed with SAP in only one hemifield. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in demographics, the Heidelberg Retina Tomography indices, and the Humphrey Field Analyzer indices between HTG and NTG groups. Regarding the FDT perimetry results, mean deviation in the global field (P=0.009) and mean sensitivity in the SAP-spared (P=0.001) and SAP-impaired (P=0.011) hemifields were lower; the numbers of FDT abnormal test points (probability of abnormality <5%) in the SAP-spared hemifield were significantly greater (P=0.005) in HTG than in NTG groups. Eyes in which FDT results of the SAP-spared hemifield were judged as abnormal was more frequent in HTG groups (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The performance of FDT perimetry to detect early or preperimetric glaucomatous functional changes should be different between HTG and NTG eyes.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2006

No apparent association between ocular perfusion pressure and visual field damage in normal-tension glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation of ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) with general and localized visual field damage in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: Correlations between OPP, blood pressure, age, intraocular pressure, refractive error, and extent of visual field damage in the eye with the worst mean deviation (MD) were investigated retrospectively in 94 eyes of 94 NTG patients. Visual fields were analyzed statistically with respect to 15 sectors between two age-matched groups of subjects with high or low OPP. RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were found between OPP and age (P < 0.001), blood pressure and age (P < 0.05), and MD and refractive error (P < 0.01). OPP had no significant correlation with MD or mean sensitivity in the visual field in any of the visual field sectors. CONCLUSION: OPP and systemic blood pressure have no evident effect on the extent or pattern of visual field damage in NTG.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The IOP-lowering effects and mechanism of action of tafluprost in prostanoid receptor-deficient mice.

AIM: To clarify the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering profile of tafluprost, a newly synthesised prostaglandin F(2alpha) analogue, in mice. METHODS: C57BL/6J, and EP1, EP2, EP3 and postaglandin F (FP) receptor-deficient wild-type (WT), EP1KO, EP2KO, EP3KO and FPKO, respectively mice were bred and acclimatised under a 12-h (6:00-18:00) light-dark cycle. To evaluate effects of tafluprost (0.002%) on IOP at night, a single 3 microl drop of tafluprost solution was applied topically at 18:00 once into one eye in each mouse. IOP was measured 3 h after the application with a microneedle method. To clarify whether endogenous prostaglandin is concerned with the tafluprost-induced IOP reduction, we applied 0.1% diclofenac Na, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor or PBS 30 min before the application of tafluprost in WT and EP3KO mice and measured IOP 3 h after the tafluprost application. We also determined whether animals responded predictably to 0.1% bunazosin HCl, a drug known to increase uveoscleral outflow. RESULTS: 3 h after the application of 0.0015% tafluprost, mean (SEM) IOP reductions were 25.8 (2.1)% 26.3 (0.8)% 24.2 (1.4)% 16.5 (1.7)% and -0.9 (1.5)% in WT, EP1KO, EP2KO, EP3KO and FPKO mice, respectively. IOP reductions in EP3KO and FPKO mice were significantly smaller than in WT mice. Pretreatment with diclofenac Na significantly attenuated the IOP lowering effect of tafluprost in WT mice but not in EP3KO mice. Bunazosin HCl lowered IOP significantly in all genotypes by the same amount. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tafluprost lowers IOP through the prostanoid FP receptor. A part of ocular hypotensive effect of tafluprost is attributed to FP receptor-mediated prostaglandin production acting through the prostanoid EP3 receptor.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2006

Performance of frequency-doubling technology perimetry in a population-based prevalence survey of glaucoma: the Tajimi study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry in a population-based glaucoma prevalence survey. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants older than 40 years randomly selected from the population of Tajimi City. METHODS: Each participant underwent screening ophthalmic examinations including a visual field test using FDT with the C-20-1 screening protocol. A diagnosis of glaucoma was determined by glaucoma specialists with another detailed visual field test using Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA; Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, CA) with the 30-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard protocol and stereoscopic disc photographs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ratios of reliable FDT results and the sensitivity and specificity for detecting glaucoma in a general population. RESULTS: Of 5784 eyes of 2892 participants (age range, 40-92 years; refractive error, -23 to 11 diopters) in whom FDT was performed in both eyes, reliable results (< or =33% fixation loss and < or =33% false-positive errors) were obtained in 5707 eyes (98.7%), including 2871 right eyes (99.3%) and 2836 left eyes (98.1%) with a significant bilateral difference (P<0.001, chi-square test). The rate of reliable FDT results did not differ between men and women (P = 0.81) but decreased with age. In 5582 eyes with reliable FDT results, FDT showed 1 or more abnormal points in the visual field in 502 eyes (9.0%), including 388 (7.3%) of 5295 normal eyes, 19 (16.4%) of 116 eyes of glaucoma suspects, and 95 (55.6%) of 171 eyes with definite glaucoma. The sensitivity and specificity values for detecting definite glaucoma were 55.6% and 92.7%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 18.9% and 98.5%, respectively. In further analyses stratified with the mean deviation (MD) of the HFA, the sensitivities were 32.1%, 48.4%, 73.7%, and 96.6% for detecting definite glaucoma with an MD of more than -2 dB, an MD of -2 dB or less and more than -5 dB, an MD of -5 dB or less and more than -8 dB, and an MD of -8 dB or less, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a population-based glaucoma screening study, FDT perimetry with the C-20-1 screening protocol was reliably performed in more than 98% of participants. The sensitivity for detecting glaucomatous visual field damages, especially early damage, was not sufficiently high, whereas the specificity was high.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma in a Japanese population: the Tajimi Study.

PURPOSE: To identify the risk factors associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Tajimi Study. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred nineteen POAG patients and 2755 controls. METHODS: Univariate and multivariate comparison of ocular factors and systemic factors between POAG patients and controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Difference in factors between POAG patients and controls, factors associated with POAG patients, and their odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Intraocular pressure (IOP), age, myopia, and history of hypertension differed between POAG patients and controls in univariate analyses. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression with stepwise selection of variables demonstrated that higher IOP (OR, 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.21]), myopia (ORs, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.03-3.31] for low myopia and 2.60 [95% CI, 1.56-4.35] for moderate to high myopia), and older age (OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.04-1.08]) were associated with an increased risk of having POAG. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority (92%) of POAG patients diagnosed in the Tajimi Study had IOP within the normal range, IOP was still identified as a significant risk factor for POAG. Together with IOP, myopia and age were significant risk factors for having POAG.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Optic disc topography and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy and open-angle glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of scanning laser tomography and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) and the correlations with visual field damage (VFD) in eyes with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (n-AION) compared with eyes with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three eyes of 33 patients with n-AION and 33 eyes with OAG whose age and VFD evaluated with the Humphrey field analyzer were matched to those of the n-AION eyes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The parameters of optic disc topography obtained with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT II) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with GDx with variable corneal compensation and the correlation to VFD. RESULTS: The cup area, cup-to-disc area ratio, and mean cup depth were significantly smaller, and the cup shape measure more negative, in the n-AION eyes than in the OAG eyes (P<0.001), whereas rim area was significantly greater (P<0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that none of disc area, rim area, and mean cup depth in the n-AION eyes and only rim area (P = 0.029) in the OAG eyes was significantly associated with mean deviation (MD). Ellipse average of RNFL thickness significantly correlated with MD in the n-AION eyes (P = 0.045) and in the OAG eyes (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Disc topography of eyes with n-AION was quantitatively characterized by small and shallow cupping and a relatively large rim area compared to eyes with OAG matched for age and VFD. In eyes with n-AION, significant correlation with VFD was found only for the RNFL thickness evaluated with SLP but not for the HRT II parameters.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Cloning and characterization of mr-s, a novel SAM domain protein, predominantly expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells.

BACKGROUND: Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains are approximately 70 residues long and have been reported as common protein-protein interaction modules. This domain is found in a large number of proteins, including Polycomb group (PcG) proteins and ETS family transcription factors. In this work, we report the cloning and functional characterization of a novel SAM domain-containing protein, which is predominantly expressed in retinal photoreceptors and the pineal gland and is designated mouse mr-s (major retinal SAM domain protein). RESULTS: mr-s is evolutionarily conserved from zebrafish through human, organisms through which the mechanism of photoreceptor development is also highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the SAM domain of mr-s is most closely related to a mouse polyhomeotic (ph) ortholog, Mph1/Rae28, which is known as an epigenetic molecule involved in chromatin modifications. These findings provide the possibility that mr-s may play a critical role by regulating gene expression in photoreceptor development. mr-s is preferentially expressed in the photoreceptors at postnatal day 3-6 (P3-6), when photoreceptors undergo terminal differentiation, and in the adult pineal gland. Transcription of mr-s is directly regulated by the cone-rod homeodomain protein Crx. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that the mr-s protein self-associates mainly through the SAM domain-containing region as well as ph. The mr-s protein localizes mainly in the nucleus, when mr-s is overexpressed in HEK293T cells. Moreover, in the luciferase assays, we found that mr-s protein fused to GAL4 DNA-binding domain functions as a transcriptional repressor. We revealed that the repression activity of mr-s is not due to a homophilic interaction through its SAM domain but to the C-terminal region. CONCLUSION: We identified a novel gene, mr-s, which is predominantly expressed in retinal photoreceptors and pineal gland. Based on its expression pattern and biochemical analysis, we predict that mr-s may function as a transcriptional repressor in photoreceptor cells and in pinealocytes of the pineal gland.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Neuroprotective effect of calcium channel blocker against retinal ganglion cell damage under hypoxia.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether iganidipine, nimodipine and lomerizine, potentially useful calcium channel blockers for ophthalmic treatment, have direct retinal neuroprotective effects against hypoxic damage in experimental in vitro model. We used purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from newborn rats. RGCs were incubated in controlled-atmosphere incubator in which oxygen levels were reduced to 5% normal partial pressure and cell viability was assessed. We also examined the effect of calcium channel blockers on the calcium ion concentration in RGC under hypoxic stress by calcium imaging. Iganidipine, nimodipine and lomerizine (0.01-1 microM) increased the RGC viability. Increase in intra-RGC calcium ion concentration by hypoxic damage was reduced by these calcium channel blockers. In conclusion, iganidipine, nimodipine and lomerizine were effective against hypoxic RGC damage in vitro. This neuroprotective effect was thought to be mediated by blocking calcium ion influx into RGC. These findings suggest that iganidipine, nimodipine and lomerizine have a direct neuroprotective effect against RGC damage related to hypoxia.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Morphometric evaluation of changes with time in optic disc structure and thickness of retinal nerve fibre layer in chronic ocular hypertensive monkeys.

We examined the time course of changes in optic disc structure by means of a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, HRT) in ocular hypertensive (experimental glaucoma) monkeys, and clarified the relationships between the histological RNFL thickness and HRT parameters. Further, the time course of changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in individual eyes was measured using a scanning laser polarimeter with fixed corneal polarization compensator (GDx FCC). In the present study, two separate experiments were carried out. A chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was induced by laser trabeculoplasty in the left eye in 11 cynomolgus monkeys. In Experiment 1, the HRT and GDx parameters were measured 12 weeks after the laser treatment in 10 eyes in five monkeys. In Experiment 2, the time course of changes in the HRT and GDx parameters was examined before and 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks after the laser treatment in 12 eyes in six monkeys. The retardation values (thickness parameters) obtained from the GDx were used to derive thickness and ratio parameters in the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants. Ratio parameters were expressed as a ratio of superior and inferior quadrant to nasal quadrant. After the last measurements, each eye was enucleated, and retinal cross sections were prepared for histological analysis. In the left (hypertensive) eyes, IOP was persistently elevated throughout the observation periods in both Experiments 1 and 2. In the HRT measurements in Experiment 1, seven out of eight global topographic parameters (exception, disc area) were statistically different between the hypertensive and control eyes 12 weeks after the laser treatment. In Experiment 2, the HRT parameters changed in a time-dependent manner, but each of them almost plateaued at about 4 weeks after the laser treatment. Significant correlations were seen between the histological mean RNFL thickness at 1.5 disc diameters from the optic disc margin and the HRT parameters in 21 eyes from 11 monkeys in Experiments 1 and 2. Especially good correlations with histological mean RNFL thickness were seen for the rim volume and cup volume. In Experiment 1, good correlations were found between GDx ratio parameters and histological RNFL thickness in individual right control eyes (n=5). In individual left experimental glaucoma eyes of Experiment 2 (n=6), GDx ratio parameters declined in a time-dependent manner alongside the IOP elevation. In conclusion, alongside the IOP elevation, time-related changes in optic disc topography and RNFL thickness were demonstrated in monkey eyes using HRT and GDx. HRT (rim and cup) parameters showed good correlations with histological RNFL thickness, and significant interrelations.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ocular manifestations of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis.

PURPOSE: To describe ocular manifestations in Japanese patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), focusing particularly on the status of the ocular surface. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Eighteen patients with CIPA underwent applicable ophthalmologic examinations, including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp examination, fundus examination, tear breakup time, Schirmer 1 test, corneal sensitivity, and corneal topography. RESULTS: Superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK) was observed at the interpalpebral area in 23 (64%) of 36 eyes. Corneal opacity was observed in three eyes (8.3%). Tear breakup time was below the lower limit of the normal range in all examined eyes, and the value of Schirmer 1 test was above the lower limit of the normal range in most of the examined eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial punctate keratopathy is observed in most cases of CIPA, which might predispose patients to corneal infection. Investigation of dry eye in patients with CIPA will provide unique opportunities to explore the critical roles of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system as well as the sensory nervous system in the physiology of tear production.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Correlation between hemifield visual field damage and corresponding parapapillary atrophy in normal-tension glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between the superior or inferior half area of parapapillary atrophy (PPA) and the corresponding hemifield visual field damage (VFD) in normal-tension glaucoma. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: patients: One hundred nine eyes of 109 consecutive patients with normal-tension glaucoma. observation procedures: Topography parameters of the optic nerve head and PPA (zone beta) area were obtained with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), and VFD was evaluated with the 30 to 2 program of Humphrey Field Analyzer. The HRT parameters and PPA area were determined separately in superior and inferior half regions. main outcome measures: Partial correlation coefficients of the superior and inferior areas of PPA with refractive error, axial length, HRT parameters, and corresponding hemifield VFD. RESULTS: In simple correlation analyses, significant correlation was found between the inferior PPA area and the superior hemifield VFD (Spearman rank correlation coefficient; Rs = -0.32; P < .001) but not between the superior PPA area and the inferior hemifield VFD (Rs = 0.05; P = .6). Age, refractive error, axial length, and height variation contour were associated significantly with the total, superior, and inferior areas of PPA, respectively (P < .01). Multiple regression analyses showed that the superior PPA area was associated significantly with only axial length (P < .001), and the inferior PPA area was associated significantly with the axial length and the superior hemifield VFD (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with normal-tension glaucoma, only the inferior half area of PPA correlated significantly with glaucomatous VFD. Axial length and myopia were associated with both the superior and inferior half areas of PPA.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of visual function after epiretinal membrane removal by 20-gauge and 25-gauge vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of 25-gauge vitrectomy with 20-gauge vitrectomy for macular pucker. DESIGN: Randomized clinical study. METHODS: Sixty-seven eyes (67 patients) with macular pucker were prospectively and randomly assigned to undergo 20-gauge vitrectomy or 25-gauge vitrectomy as a control group. Main outcome measurements consisted of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean induced astigmatism, total operation time, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: The mean BCVA at baseline and at one month and six months after surgery was 20/78, 20/62, and 20/42, respectively, in the 20-gauge group, and 20/85, 20/45, and 20/40 in the 25-gauge group. A significant difference in change in the logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution of BCVA between 20-gauge and 25-gauge was found at one month (-0.10 vs -0.269, P < .001), but not at six months (-0.327 vs -0.276, P > .01). CONCLUSIONS: If faster visual improvement is desired, 25-gauge vitrectomy may be preferable to 20-gauge vitrectomy for macular pucker.

Astigmatism↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a Japanese adult population: the Tajimi Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a Japanese adult population. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Randomly selected residents (n = 3870) of Tajimi City, Japan, who were 40 years of age or older. METHODS: Of the 3021 study participants (78.1% of 3870 eligible persons), 2977 (76.9%) underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including measurement of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with full subjective refraction using a Landolt ring chart at 5 m. Age- and gender-specific prevalence rates of low vision and blindness were estimated and causes were identified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low vision and blindness were defined as BCVA in the better eye worse than 20/60 to a lower limit of 20/400 and worse than 20/400, respectively (World Health Organization [WHO] criteria) and worse than 20/40 but better than 20/200 and 20/200 or worse, respectively (United States criteria). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of blindness according to the WHO or U.S. criteria was 0.14% (n = 4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.32). The primary causes were optic atrophy, myopic macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and uveitis. The overall prevalence of low vision according to the WHO criteria was 0.39% (95% CI, 0.18%-0.60%) and according to the U.S. criteria was 0.98% (95% CI, 0.66%-1.30%), which was significantly greater in women and in the older half of the participants than in the younger half (P = 0.0079 and <0.0001, respectively). The leading causes of low vision in descending order were cataract followed by glaucoma, and those of monocular blindness were myopic macular degeneration, glaucoma, and trauma. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low vision and blindness in Japanese adults was one of the lowest among those reported. The major causes of low vision were cataract and glaucoma, and the leading cause of monocular blindness was myopic macular degeneration.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Phase III long-term study and comparative clinical study of nipradilol ophthalmic solution in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Nipradilol (CAS 81486-22-8) is a non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking and nitroglycerin-like vasodilating activities. In the present communication, the long-term efficacy and safety of nipradilol were investigated and the efficacy, safety and utility of topical nipradilol and timolol (CAS 91524-16-2) were compared in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In the long-term study, nipradilol for 1 year (52 weeks) was performed by registration method. 67 out of 68 patients were subjected to analysis and 57 patients (83.8 %) completed 52-week instillation. 0.25 % nipradilol was applied twice daily to patients. As a result, intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased significantly by 4.0 mmHg to 4.8 mmHg compared with the baseline without tachyphylaxis. The incidence of adverse events was 12.5 % at 52 weeks by analysis with Kaplan-Meier life-table method. It showed no significant trend of increase after 3 months. In the multi-centered double-masked comparative randomized study, 0.25 % nipradilol was assigned to 96 patients and 0.5 % timolol to 100 patients. Each patient was instilled nipradilol or timolol twice daily for 8 weeks. IOP significantly decreased by 4.2 mmHg and by 4.7 mmHg at 8 weeks and the incidence of adverse events was 10.5 % and 12.1 % in the nipradilol and timolol group, respectively. No significant between-group difference in IOP reduction or incidence of adverse events was seen. Topical nipradilol showed long-term ocular hypotensive effects and clinical safety in a 52-week study, and its efficacy and safety equivalent to timolol was confirmed in a 8-week comparative study.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2006

Plasma endothelin-1 level in Japanese normal tension glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the plasma concentration of endothelin-1 (ET-1) among patients < 60 years of age with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and in age-matched normal participants. METHODS: Plasma concentration of ET-1 was determined in 30 NTG 18 POAG patients, and 19 age-matched normal participants using an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The ET-1 level was 1.49 +/- 0.51 pg/ml in the NTG patients (49.4 +/- 8.8 years), 1.58 +/- 0.64 pg/ml in the POAG patients (44.7 +/- 10.7 years), and 1.33 +/- 0.50 pg/ml in the normal participants (49.9 +/- 5.6 years). The ET-1 levels were not significantly different among the three groups, and no significant correlation with the extent of visual field damage, intraocular pressure (IOP), refraction, or age was seen in the glaucoma patients. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma ET-1 level showed no difference among NTG patients, POAG patients, and normal participants < 60 years of age in the Japanese population.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Long-term follow-up of initial trabeculectomy with mitomycin C for primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients.

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) control and postoperative complications after initial trabeculectomy with use of mitomycin C (MMC) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of a consecutive series of 123 eyes (87 patients) with POAG who underwent initial trabeculectomy with MMC and had at least 4 years of follow-up. All patients underwent standard trabeculectomy with 0.04% MMC applied intraoperatively for 3 minutes. The long-term outcomes (IOP control and bleb leak, long-standing hypotony, bleb-related infections) were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier life-table method on the basis of three definitions of successful IOP control (defined as IOP <18 mmHg (definition 1), IOP <16 mmHg (definition 2), and IOP decrease of by > or =30% and <21 mmHg (definition 3)). RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 6.8+/-1.4 (mean+/-SD) years. The cumulative survival rates were 67.0+/-4.6%, 44.5+/-5.4%, and 74.1+/-4.2%, respectively, based on definitions 1, 2, and 3, 8 years postoperatively by life-table analysis. At 8 years, bleb leak occurred in 7.9+/-2.6% of eyes, long-standing hypotony in 8.3+/-2.5%, and bleb-related infections in 5.9+/-2.4%. CONCLUSION: Long-term outcome after initial trabeculectomy with MMC in Japanese POAG patients is comparable with that reported in other populations and with that after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effect of light cycle on 24-hour pattern of mouse intraocular pressure.

PURPOSE: The present study was undertaken to determine the magnitude, dynamic pattern, and synchrony of the 24-hour pattern of intraocular pressure (IOP), and to clarify the effect of light cycle on 24-hour pattern of IOP in ddY albino mice. METHODS: Three groups of ddY albino mice were exposed to a 12-hour light/dark cycle (control group), to constant light and, to constant dark, respectively. Every group was exposed to each condition for 4 weeks before IOP measurements. IOP was measured every 3 hours using a microneedle method. Mice were measured repeatedly at 1-week interval. RESULTS: The 24-hour IOP pattern of the control group showed a rhythmic pattern that appeared to be sinusoidal. This IOP declined in the morning until 9:00, and then increased in the early evening until 21:00. In contrast, IOP of the constant light and dark groups were asynchronous exhibiting multiple peaks and troughs during the 24-hour period. The mean IOP of the constant light group was almost equal to that of control group. The mean IOP measured at the daytime of the constant dark group (light time of control group), was significantly higher than that of the control group, and was almost equal to the mean IOP measurements at the dark time of the control group. CONCLUSION: These results show that 24-hour IOP pattern in mouse eyes is biphasic and that extended exposure to constant light or dark disrupts this 24-hour IOP pattern.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and its ligand on blood-retinal barrier in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic model.

PURPOSE: To clarify whether endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and its ligand, rosiglitazone, affect retinal leukostasis and the associated vascular leakage using an experimental diabetic model. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in heterozygous PPARgamma+/- mice and Brown Norway rats with an intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Retinal leukostasis and leakage, quantified by concanavalin A (Con A) lectin perfusion labeling combined with a fluorophotometric dextran leakage assay, were investigated at 120 days in diabetic PPARgamma+/- and wild-type mice and at 21 days in diabetic rats receiving rosiglitazone or the vehicle. The retinal protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 were investigated by means of the ELISA assay. RESULTS: In the diabetic PPARgamma+/- mice, retinal leukostasis and leakage were greater than in the diabetic wild-type mice. In addition retinal leukostasis and leakage were suppressed by treatment with rosiglitazone in experimental diabetic rats. ELISA analysis revealed that the upregulated ICAM-1 expression in the diabetic rat retina was reduced by rosiglitazone treatment. CONCLUSIONS: An endogenous pathway involving PPARgamma provides protection against retinal leukostasis and retinal leakage in diabetes and treatment with PPARgamma specific ligands inhibits retinal leukostasis and retinal leakage in diabetic rats.

Animals↗