Biomedical subjects

Makoto Oda

Publications and source records attributed to Makoto Oda.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Mirror glasses for minimally invasive surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The operator performing minimally invasive surgery is prevented from seeing the whole field with both eyes by the restricted small thoracotomy incision. To overcome this problem, we developed mirror glasses. METHODS: Use of these glasses was evaluated in terms of the time required for threading of sutures with endoscopic forceps. Three surgeon ligated thread a suture five times with and without use of the glasses in the box, and the mean time was calculated for each surgeon. RESULTS: The time required for ligation (mean +/- SD) was 24.2 +/- 2.9 s with mirror glasses and 27.0 +/- 2.5 s without the glasses (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The mirror glasses may be found useful for fine manipulation for minimally invasive surgery.

Equipment Design↗

PubMed2006

Difference of pharyngeal morphology and mechanical property between OSAHS patients and normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The intrinsic properties such as baseline caliber and compliance of upper airway are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Our study was designed to detect the difference of baseline caliber (morphological property) of pharynx during both wakefulness and sleep, and difference of pharyngeal compliance (mechanical property) between OSAHS patients and normal subjects. METHODS: CT scan was performed on 7 normal subjects and 13 OSAHS patients when they are awake, during drug-induced sleep with minimally effective therapeutic pressure (P(eff)), 0 cmH2O, and critical pressure (P(crit)) being given via a nose mask system, respectively. 3D images of pharyngeal airway were reconstructed, and volume of each subdivision of pharynx was measured. Volume, average area and compliance of each subdivision and in total were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The OSAHS group was shown to have a smaller average area at upper (1.20+/-0.26 cm2 versus 1.57+/-0.17 cm2, p<0.05) and middle part of pharynx (1.89+/-0.52 cm2 versus 2.58+/-0.27 cm2, p<0.05) during wakefulness. During sleep, this difference was shown to be even more obvious at upper part (0.77+/-0.30 cm2 versus 1.45+/-0.18 cm2, p<0.01); and middle part, (1.15+/-0.47 cm2 versus 2.44+/-0.26 cm2, p<0.01). The average area during wakefulness and sleep was also shown to be highly correlated. OSAHS group had a higher compliance at middle part (0.28+/-0.15 cmH2O(-1) versus 0.13+/-0.07 cmH2O(-1), p<0.05) of pharynx. CONCLUSION: We conclude that OSAHS patients have a narrower and more collapsible upper airway than normal subjects do, the caliber data obtained during wakefulness could reflect the baseline caliber during sleep, and our method is valid to evaluate both morphology and function of upper airway.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Complete segmental resection of the spine, including the spinal cord, for telangiectatic osteosarcoma: a report of 2 cases.

STUDY DESIGN: Two case reports of telangiectatic osteosarcoma treated with complete segmental resection of the spine, including the spinal cord. OBJECTIVES: To report the en bloc tumor excision, including the spinal cord, for telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and discuss the indication of cord transection and influence after cutting the spinal cord. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: To our knowledge, there are no previous reports describing telangiectatic osteosarcoma of the spine and the subsequent en bloc excision of the spine, including the spinal cord. METHODS: The clinical and radiographic presentations of 2 cases with telangiectatic osteosarcoma are presented. Because these 2 cases already had complete paralysis for at least 1 month, it was suspected that there was no possibility of recovering spinal cord function. Complete segmental spinal resection (total en bloc spondylectomy) was performed. At that level, the spinal cord was also cut and resected. RESULTS: En bloc excision of the tumor with a wide margin was achieved in both cases. In the resected specimen, the nerve cells in the spinal cord had lapsed into degenerative necrosis. The pathologic findings showed that there was no hope for recovery of spinal cord function. CONCLUSION: En bloc spinal resection, including the spinal cord, is an operation allowed when there is no hope for recovery of spinal cord function. This surgery should be accepted as an option in spine tumor surgeries.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Results of initial operations in non-small cell lung cancer patients with single-level N2 disease.

BACKGROUND: There is still debate regarding the use of surgery in the management of non-small cell lung cancer patients with N2 disease. The primary aim of the present study was analysis of the results of initial operations in non-small cell lung cancer patients with single-level N2 disease. METHODS: Ninety-four patients with the disease who underwent initial surgery consisting of complete resection of the primary site plus systematic lymphadenectomy were examined. We also immunohistochemically examined lymphatic vessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression. RESULTS: The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates for the 94 patients were 27.1% and 12.1%, respectively, with a median survival of 22 months. When stratified by skipping status, the 5-year survival rates for the patients in skip-N2 and non-skip-N2 groups were 33.4% and 19.8%, respectively (p = 0.0189). Skip metastasis, T factor, subcarinal lymph node metastasis, and adjuvant chemotherapy were recognized as independent prognostic indicators. In both skip-N2 and non-skip-N2 groups, distant relapse was the dominant pattern of recurrence. Although the peritumoral lymphatic vessel density was associated with vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in tumors, the lymphangiogenic profile appeared to be different between skip-N2 and non-skip-N2 tumors, suggesting different nodal metastatic process. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer patients with single-level N2 disease are an oncologically heterogeneous cohort. Although further studies involving randomized comparisons are required, the poor outcomes found here indicate that the initial operation has yet to be validated for patients with this disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[A case of a second cancer of metachronous multiple primary non-small cell lung cancer successfully treated with TS-1 and CDDP chemotherapy].

The patient was a 66-year-old man who had undergone right upper lobectomy and ND 2a systematic lymph node dissection for lung cancer (M/D adenocarcinoma, p-stage IB) in March of 1999 . On November 2003, postoperative routine chest computed tomography(CT) demonstrated a mass in left S6, and pathological diagnosis revealed P/D squamous cell carcinoma (cT1N2M0, stage IIIA) by CT-guided needle biopsy and mediastinoscopy. At first, we tried two courses of a combination chemotherapy consisting of carboplatin (CBDCA) and paclitaxel every 3 weeks. After 2 courses, the regimen was stopped because of grade 3 arthritis. Then, two courses of CBDCA and gemcitabine were performed. The evaluation of the response was SD by the guidelines of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor Groups. Next, gefitinib was orally administered for 6 months but the tumor and mediastinal lymph nodes were growing. In January 2005, oral administration of TS-1 (60 mg/1, 2 courses, 75 mg/3-6 courses) was begun twice a day for 21 consecutive days while cisplatin (60 mg/m(2)) was administered intravenously on day 8. The response was PR (the tumor decreased by 46%), no serious adverse effect was observed, and the patient maintained good quality of life throughout the chemotherapy. This case suggests that TS-1+CDDP chemotherapy may be an effective treatment in patients with advanced lung cancer even after many protocols of chemotherapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of volume reduction surgery by radiofrequency for enlarged adenoid causing recurrent otitis media with effusion].

PURPOSE: We studied the effect of volume reduction surgery by a radiofrequency (ENTec coblator) for enlarged adenoid causing recurrent otitis media with effusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of volume reduction surgery by radiofrequency for enlarged adenoid was studied in 50 children with enlarged adenoid causing recurrent otitis media with effusion from June 2002 to September 2004, while a group of 50 children with tympanostomy-tube placement alone from April 2001 to September 2004, was used as the control group. Volume reduction surgery by radiofrequency system for enlarged adenoid was done with tympanostomy-tube placement under general anesthesia by laryngeal mask. We compared two groups in following 5 different aspects: (1) tympanostomy-tube replacement, (2) remyringotomy, (3) total visits to our clinic after surgery, (4) total days with antibiotics, (5) absence of effusion and normal middle ear function as seen on the tympanogram after tympanostomy-tubes loss. We evaluated the reduction of enlarged adenoid by using the pre-and postoperative obstructive rate of the choana through the nasopharyngoscope. RESULTS: The volume of enlarged adenoid was reduced an average of 52.2% by radiofrequency. The pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube and the choana could be opened widely. No severe intra or postoperative complications occurred. Compared to the control group treated with tympanostomy tubes alone, postoperative tympanostomy-tube replacement, postoperative remyringotomy, total postoperative visits to our clinic, total postoperative days with antibiotics, and tympanogram types C2 and B after tympanostomy-tubes loss decreased notably in cases with volume reduction surgery by radiofrequency for enlarged adenoid and tympanostomy-tube placement. CONCLUSION: Volume reduction surgery by radiofrequency for enlarged adenoid is considered very safe, effective one-day surgery technique for recurrent otitis media with effusion.

Adenoidectomy↗

PubMed2006

Fabrication of biporous low-crystalline apatite based on mannitol dissolution from apatite cement.

Biporous (macro- and microporous) calcium phosphate gains much attention as a bone substitute material because of its large surface area and that it improves cell penetration. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of biporous, low-crystalline apatite based on dissolution of mannitol from self-setting apatite cement (Biopex). Mannitol--known as a biocompatible, easily dissolved monosaccharide alcohol--was recrystallized to obtain larger crystals. It was crushed with pestle and mortar, sieved to obtain crystals which passed through a 500-microm mesh but which remained against a 300-microm mesh, and then used as porogen. Although Biopex containing 60 wt% mannitol was not able to be taken out of the mold, addition of mannitol caused no initial setting inhibition to Biopex if the amount was 40 wt% or less. Similarly, transformation to apatitic product was confirmed when the apatite cement was immersed in 0.9% saline kept at 37 degrees C for seven days. The set mass became low-crystalline, biporous apatite with approximately 60% porosity.

Bone Substitutes↗

PubMed2006

In vitro sensitivity to platinum-derived drugs is associated with expression of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in human lung cancer.

Thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are critical enzymes in nucleic acid metabolism. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a specific protein that is correlated with proliferative activity of cells. The TS gene has a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in its 5'-untranslated region and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the VNTR area. We examined the association of in vitro sensitivity to anticancer drugs with TS polymorphism, TS, DPD, and PCNA mRNA expression using human lung cancer tissues. Seventy-eight surgically resected lung cancer tissues were tested for in vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin (CDDP), carboplatin (CBDCA), irinotecan, docetaxel, and gemcitabine by histoculture and MTT assay. The TS polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR and PCR-RFLP. TS, DPD, and PCNA mRNA expression levels were quantified by real-time RT-PCR and normalized relative to beta-actin mRNA expression. The inhibition rates (IRs) of CDDP and CBDCA were significantly correlated with TS/PCNA, the ratio of TS/actin and PCNA/actin, and DPD/PCNA, the ratio of DPD/actin and PCNA/actin. This correlation was further explored by subgroup analyses according to TS VNTR or TS functional type, in which 2R/3G, 3C/3G, or 3G/3G were classified into H-type group and 2R/2R, 2R/3C, or 3C/3C into L-type group. The associations of TS/PCNA and DPD/PCNA with the IRs of CDDP, CBDCA remained significant in the 3R/3R group and H-type group. These results suggest that in vitro sensitivity to platinum-derived drugs, CDDP and CBDCA, is associated with PCNA-normalized mRNA expression of TS and DPD in human lung cancer tissues, as affected by the TS polymorphism. The clinical significance of these pharmacogenomic markers for chemotherapy regimens with platinum-derived drugs should be investigated further for personalized treatment of lung cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Thoracoscopic findings and surgical management of catamenial hemopneumothorax.

A 43-year-old woman had experienced recurrent right pneumothoraces at the beginning of her menstrual period. Thoracoscopically, multiple small fenestrations were widely found over the tendinous part of the diaphragm. Multiple purple colored nodules were seen on the visceral surface of upper lobe containing intralobar lesions, and about 100 ml blood was pooled in the thoracic space. We performed a video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of the pleural nodule suspected to be the cause of the hemothoraces. Histologically, the resected nodule had intra-alveolar hemorrhage not seen in common endometriosis. Pleurodesis with mechanical abrasion of parietal pleura and the diaphragm was performed. Chemical pleurodesis, with minocycline hydrochloride and distilled water was applied.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Wound retraction system for lung resection by video-assisted mini-thoracotomy.

Wound retraction system (WR; Alexis Wound Retractor, Applied Medical, CA, USA), designed for laparoscopic abdominal surgery, is instrumental in offering retraction and protection when an organ or specimen requires removal through a small incision. We performed lobectomy or segmentectomy with systematic lymph nodes dissection by video-assisted mini-thoracotomy for patients with primary lung cancer using this tool. This technique was used for elective operations in 24 men and 10 women; the length of major skin incision was 6.5+/-0.7 cm. The operative views and the ease of using endoscopic instruments were good. Only two patients required initial pleurectomy for pleuro-pulmonary adhesions before using WR. There were no patients with severe postoperative chest pain, wound infection and contamination.

Female↗

PubMed2005

Retrospective review of lung cancer patients with pleural dissemination after limited operations combined with parietal pleurectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The long-term control of malignant effusion is necessary to achieve long-term survival in lung cancer patients with carcinomatous pleuritis. This report describes our results of limited operations including parietal pleurectomy (pl) on a hypothesis that the most effective target area for controlling malignant pleural effusion is the parietal pleura. METHODS: Forty-two patients with pleural dissemination with/without malignant pleural effusion were analyzed retrospectively. The operative procedures used were partial resection of the primary site with pl in 20 cases, segmentectomy with pl in 2 cases, lobectomy with pl in 19 cases, and pl only in 1 case. Postoperative adjuvant treatment was performed in 31 patients. RESULTS: Adenocarcinoma was the dominant histology, and the pathological stages were IIIB in 34 cases and IV (intrapulmonary metastasis) in 8 cases. The overall 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 30.1%, 17.2%, and 10.3%, respectively. When stratified by the TNM classification, the overall 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 56.3%, 32.1%, and 24.1%, respectively, in the T4N0M0 group and 21.1%, 7.0%, and 0%, respectively, in the T4N1-2M0 group (P = 0.0257). Among the 24 patients whose recurrent patterns could be identified, only 2 patients developed recurrent malignant effusion. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate patient selection, the use of limited surgery combined with pl followed by intrapleural and systemic chemotherapy appears to be effective in management of the disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effective 6-hour preservation in non-heart-beating donor canine lungs with topical cooling: assessment from histopathological aspects.

PURPOSE: This study assesses the possibility of preserving and transplanting non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) lungs under topical cooling for 6 h. METHODS: The donor dogs were killed and heparinized after cardiac arrest. After 10 min of cardiac massage, the bilateral lungs were deflated. In group 1 (n = 6), the recipient dogs were transplanted and the lungs preserved at 4 degrees C for 6 h. In group 2 (n = 2), the recipients received lungs preserved at room temperature for 4 h. In both groups the right main bronchus, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein were clamped and ventilated to examine the lung function. RESULTS: The mean total ischemic time before reperfusion was 7 h 48 min (group 1) and 5 h 55 min (group 2). All dogs in group 1 survived with excellent hemodynamics and gas exchange function. Both dogs in group 2 revealed congestion immediately after reperfusion, and consequently died. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that it is possible to use NHBD lungs for clinical lung transplantation if topical cooling can be initiated soon after irreversible cardiac arrest. Topical cooling of NHBD lungs allows at least 6 h for preparation before transplantation.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Free pericardial fat pads can act as sealant for preventing alveolar air leaks.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of a method using free pericardial fat pads as a sealant to prevent intraoperative and postoperative alveolar air leaks. DESCRIPTION: Animal experiments were performed. After pulmonary parenchymal defects were created in 4 dogs, the alveolar air leaks were sealed with free pericardial fat pads. Clinical application was applied in 23 patients who underwent pulmonary resection, air leaks with stream of bubbles, or worse, were sealed with free pericardial fat pads. EVALUATION: All dogs survived for 1 month without complications. At sacrifice, all treated lungs had expanded adequately and the implanted fats remained on the lung surface. Histologic examination showed that the excised edge of the lung was closed with granulation. The clinical outcome showed the mean duration of air leaks, chest drain, and postoperative hospitalization were 2.3 +/- 3.1 days, 4.3 +/- 3.2 days, and 11.1 +/- 3.7 days, respectively. Recurrent air leaks were not observed after removal of the chest tube. No adverse effects were observed after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The use of free pericardial fat pads was able to successfully prevent alveolar air leaks.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Prognostic significance of dysadherin expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of dysadherin and E-cadherin and to investigate their clinical significance as prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Non-small cell lung cancer specimens were obtained from 131 patients undergoing clinically indicated operations at the Department of General and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, between 1995 and 1997. All patients had undergone curative resection of the primary tumor, including systematic lymph node dissection. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method was used for immunostaining of dysadherin and E-cadherin. RESULTS: Among the 131 lung cancer specimens, 46 (35.1%) tumors were positively stained with dysadherin. Preserved membranous E-cadherin staining was present in 45.8% (60/131) of cases. In this analysis dysadherin expression was not correlated with E-cadherin expression (P = .1333), but a significant association was observed between dysadherin expression and survival time. The overall survival of patients with dysadherin-positive tumors was significantly worse than that of those with dysadherin-negative tumors (P = .0059). Patients with reduced E-cadherin immunopositivity survived significantly shorter than those with preserved E-cadherin immunopositivity (P = .0406). The overall survival of patients with positive dysadherin and reduced E-cadherin expression was significantly worse than that of patients with negative dysadherin and preserved E-cadherin expression (P = .0002). Multivariate analysis revealed the independent prognostic value of dysadherin positivity, reduced E-cadherin expression, and lymph node metastasis on overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Dysadherin expression is an independent prognostic factor of survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and combined immunohistochemical analysis of dysadherin and E-cadherin expression might provide further prognostic information.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Fluorescence bronchoscopy for selection of surgical procedure in patients with early staged endobronchial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: It is sometimes difficult to determine the extent of resection in patients with endobronchial carcinoma because preoperative white-light bronchoscopic (WLB) examination is not sensitive enough to examine the extent fully. Light-Induced Fluorescence Endoscopy (LIFE) is recognized as a useful modality for the diagnosis of early staged bronchial carcinoma, but there have been no reports of its significance in surgical treatment. We have studied the influence of LIFE upon the selection of surgical procedures or other treatments in patients with endobronchial carcinoma preoperatively. METHODS: Conventional WLB and LIFE were performed within 7 days of operation. Biopsy specimens were taken from the marginal regions of the areas that were suspicious for malignancy on LIFE examination and WLB. We decided the resection line before operation and kept the resected central margin 1 cm apart from the area revealed as suspicious by LIFE. RESULTS: From January 1999 to March 2003, 75 patients underwent LIFE. LIFE was performed to decide the surgical procedures for 12 patients (16.0%). Surgical therapy was performed in 8 (66.7%). LIFE findings dramatically changed the surgical procedures for 3 patients, lobectomy changed to sleeve lobectomy in 2 and laser therapy to segmentectomy in 1. LIFE revealed larger abnormal areas of bronchial cancer compared to WLB in 7 (58.3%). Conversely, WLB overestimated the extent of abnormal area in 1 (8.3%). WLB revealed the same cancer area as LIFE in 4. In all patients, the resected bronchial margins were cancer free intraoperatively and postoperatively. CONCLUSION: LIFE can be more sensitive than WLB and be more beneficial for judging the extent of neoplastic bronchial changes for some patients. LIFE may be a useful modality for the preoperative selection of surgical procedures, especially whether sleeve resection is needed or not, for some centrally located superficial endobronchial carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Gene cloning of an endoglucanase from the basidiomycete Irpex lacteus and its cDNA expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A gene (cen1) coding for an endoglucanase I (En-1) was isolated from white rot fungus Irpex lacteus strain MC-2. The cen1 ORF was comprised of 399 amino acid residues and interrupted by 14 introns. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cen1 ORF revealed a multi-domain structure composed of a cellulose-binding domain, a Ser-/Thr-rich linker, and a catalytic domain from the N-terminus. It showed a significant similarity to those of other endoglucanases that belong to family 5 of glycosyl hydrolases. cen1 cDNA was inserted into a yeast expression vector, YEpFLAG-1, and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevesiae. The resulting S. cerevisiae transformant secreted a recombinant En-1 that had enzymatic properties similar to the original En-1. A strong synergistic effect for a degradation of Avicel and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose was observed when recombinant En-1 was used together with a major exo-type cellobiohydrolase I of I. lacteus MC-2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Primary tracheal lymphoma: case report and literature review.

We describe a 20-year-old Japanese woman with anaplastic large cell lymphoma in whom primary tracheal involvement was associated with life-threatening airway obstruction. After debulking surgery, the patient was successfully treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A total of 28 cases of primary tracheal lymphoma were reviewed. Common clinical features included predominance of localized disease, respiratory symptoms resembling acute asthma, absence of hemoptysis, and rapid progression of tracheal stenosis. Various histological subtypes of primary tracheal lymphoma exist and are likely to determine prognosis.

Asthma↗

PubMed2005

The profile of hMLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability in colorectal and non-small cell lung cancer.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is caused mainly by dysfunction of hMLH1, where aberrant hypermethylation (HM) of its promoter region is involved. Previously, we suggested that HM in the proximal region of the hMLH1 promoter plays a critical role in progression of gastric cancer with MSI and this specific region should be analyzed for diagnostic use of hMLH1 HM. We expanded the analyses of hMLH1 HM and MSI phenotype to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to further evaluate the diagnostic value of hMLH1 HM. A total of 174 CRC and 94 NSCLC samples were used for hMLH1 methylation analysis by real-time methylation-specific PCR. Methylation levels were measured in three distinct regions of the promoter, designated as hMLH1-A, hMLH1-B, and hMLH1-C from distal to proximal. MSI phenotype was determined using five microsatellite markers, BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250. Methylation profile of the hMLH1 promoter varies between CRC and NSCLC. High methylation levels were observed in a group of CRC samples. Consequently, three patterns of methylation in the hMLH1 promoter regions were found: 1) low methylation level in all regions, 2) high methylation level in hMLH1-A with low methylation level in hMLH1-C, 3) high methylation level in all regions. In contrast, only one NSCLC showed high methylation level in hMLH1-A. Of the 134 CRCs examined, 14 (10.4%) showed MSI phenotype. No MSI phenotype was found in the initial 80 NSCLCs analyzed. Eight (57.1%) of 14 CRC with MSI showed HM in hMLH1-C, which was linked exclusively with MSI phenotype. However, the HM in hMLH1-A or -B was not sufficient for MSI. CRC with MSI phenotype was significantly more frequent in older patients and in the proximal colon, and was more evident in cases with hMLH1-C HM. The results suggested that hMLH1 HM cannot be used as an alternative diagnostic marker of MSI phenotype in sporadic CRC and NSCLC. CRC with MSI might have clinicopathologically distinct subgroups according to hMLH1-C HM status. The observed profiles of hMLH1 methylation and MSI in gastric cancer, CRC, and NSCLC were quite different from each other, facilitating the better understanding of the pathogenesis of these cancers.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗