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Manuel Martín-Loeches

Publications and source records attributed to Manuel Martín-Loeches.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Memory systems for structural and semantic knowledge of faces and buildings.

It is an ongoing debate whether specific neurocognitive systems are involved in face and object recognition, particularly for analyses that require the access to stored structural and semantic knowledge. Here we compared the processing of familiar (at the exemplar level) and unfamiliar faces and buildings by recording event-related potentials in a repetition priming paradigm. We focused on the early repetition effect (ERE/N250r) which has been proposed to indicate the access to stored structural knowledge and the late repetition effect (LRE/N400), a possible indicator of semantic knowledge. An ERE/N250r was present for familiar buildings and smaller than for faces, but indistinguishable in terms of scalp topography. In contrast, the LRE/N400 was stimulus specific in topography. These findings suggest initial access to a common store of structural knowledge followed by the activation of category-specific cortical representations of person- and building-related semantic knowledge.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The gate for reading: reflections on the recognition potential.

The recognition potential (RP) is an electrical response of the brain peaking around 200 to 250ms after stimulus onset and obtained when subjects view recognizable images, such as words or pictures. There is considerable debate as to whether the RP reflects a visual-structural step in the perceptual analysis or a part of the semantic-conceptual processing of the stimulus. The functional response of the RP noticeably resembles that of the seemingly controversial visual word form area (VWFA). This parallelism is hereby developed, and proposals for a processing system presumably accounting for the heterogeneous results on the RP are also suggested. According to these proposals, the RP is originated in the VWFA, an area that would play a cardinal role in the reading process, receiving and integrating different types of information that extend from letter identification to contextual semantic information.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2006

Semantics prevalence over syntax during sentence processing: a brain potential study of noun-adjective agreement in Spanish.

A review of the literature about the interplay of syntax and semantics, using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), revealed that the results are highly heterogeneous, owing to several possible variables. An experiment was conducted with Spanish sentences that factorially combined syntactic and semantic violations in the same sentence-intermediate adjective and controlled for working memory demands, variables that in previous studies have rarely been taken into consideration. Violations consisted in noun-adjective number or gender disagreements (syntactic violation), noun-adjective semantic incompatibility (semantic violation), or both (combined violation). The N400 to semantic violations was unaffected by additional syntactic violations. The P600/SPS component, considered to reflect syntactic processes, was elicited by both single syntactic and semantic violations but seemed to be diminished in combined violations relative to single syntactic violations. These results suggest that under the conditions of the present experiment semantic information may have a prevailing role over syntactic information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Brain potentials to mathematical syntax problems.

Anterior negativities obtained during sentence processing have never been unambiguously reported in the mathematical domain. The reason for this might be that the tasks explored in the mathematical domain have been far from resembling those typically yielding language-related anterior negativities. To test this hypothesis, we explored three mathematical aspects: Order-relevant information, a parenthesis indicating the onset of an embedded calculation, and violations of the type of symbol displayed. Results yielded parieto-occipital instead of frontal negativities. Late posterior positivities were also found, largely comparable to linguistic P600 in topography, but dissociable in functional terms. Our data suggest that language-related anterior negativities may indeed reflect language-specific resources of the human brain and support recent claims that language and mathematical domains are more independent than previously thought.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contribution to abnormalities of the P300 component of the event-related potential in schizophrenia.

Abnormalities of the P300 component of the event-related potential are a common finding in schizophrenia. It seems possible that the dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) region that has been reported in schizophrenia contributes to this finding. To explore this possibility, we calculated the relationship between, on the one hand, P300 latency and amplitude and, on the other hand, the degree of DLPF atrophy (as measured by magnetic resonance imaging) and metabolic activity during an attentional task (as measured by positron emission tomography). Seventeen schizophrenia patients with a brief duration of illness and minimal exposition to treatment and 25 healthy controls were studied. Patients exhibited significantly lower metabolic activity in the DLPF region, but they did not show cortical atrophy. P300 amplitude was also significantly reduced in the schizophrenia patients compared with the controls. Right DLPF region metabolic activity correlated significantly with P300 amplitude. This pattern remained after partialling out the influence of activity in the hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus and parietal lobe. It is therefore suggested that the prefrontal cortex could be implicated in the P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Are semantic and syntactic cues inducing the same processes in the identification of word order?

The purpose of this study was to find a common pattern of event-related potential (ERP) fluctuations regardless of the type of information (either semantic or syntactic) determining the presence of a reversed word order. ERPs were recorded while subjects read Spanish transitive sentences in which either semantic or syntactic information determined the actual word order. On the one hand (semantic condition), the order could be reversed by using an inanimate noun in the first noun phrase (NP), together with a verb representing an action that cannot correspond to an inanimate entity. On the other hand (syntactic condition), word order could be manipulated depending on the presence of a preposition preceding the second NP, which confirms the preferred word order, or a determiner, conveying a reversed word order. Interestingly, the inanimate first noun elicited a frontal negativity, which could be interpreted as the detection of an initial difficulty for using that noun as the subject of the sentence. At the point of disambiguation in either condition, a late posterior positivity was observed. The P600/SPS might, therefore, be an indicator of the syntactic processing costs incurred by the variation of word order, reflecting phrase structure reallocation processes common to this operation regardless of the cue used.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Higher-order activity beyond the word level: cortical dynamics of simple transitive sentence comprehension.

Slow electrophysiological effects, which fluctuate throughout the course of a sentence, independent of transient responses to individual words, have been reported. However, this type of activity has scarcely been studied, and with only limited use of electrophysiological information, so that the brain areas in which these variations originate have not been clearly identified. To improve this state of affairs, a principal component analysis and a modern source analysis algorithm (LORETA) were applied to the slow activity underlying transitive sentence reading. Four components explained 97.3% of the variance. Of key interest was a slow variation that occurred throughout the entire sentence but peaked with the appearance of the verb. The main solution for this component was localized in prefrontal and temporal regions presumably involved in semantic sentence processing. This constitutes empirical evidence for cortical activity--related to semantic processes thought to be involved in thematic role assignment--developing throughout the sentence but presenting a conspicuous maximum with the appearance of the verb. This finding also highlights the central role of verb information in the understanding of transitive sentences.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

ERP components reflecting stimulus identification: contrasting the recognition potential and the early repetition effect (N250r).

The recognition potential component (RP) in the event-related brain potential (ERP) appears during rapid stream stimulation and has been related to the activation of word form or word meaning. The early repetition effect (ERE/N250r) is observed in repetition priming designs and has been linked to the access to stored representations of the structure of familiar faces and names. Because of the apparent similarities in latency, topography and theoretical interpretation we compared the RP and ERE/N250r within the same rapid stream stimulation design and for the same type of stimulus material: names and faces of famous persons and names and pictures of common objects. Contrasting with RP, the ERE/N250r occurred later and differed in both scalp topography and amplitude patterns across stimulus conditions. Therefore, the ERE/N250r seems to reflect a separate and content-specific stage of information processing, following the RP, which appears to reflect domain-general processes of structural analyses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Are the anterior negativities to grammatical violations indexing working memory?

Anterior negativities obtained when a grammatical rule is violated may reflect highly automatic first-pass parsing processes, the detection of a morphosyntactic mismatch, and/or the inability to assign the incoming word to the current phrase structure. However, for some theorists these negativities rather reflect some aspect of working memory processes. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) obtained for word category and morphosyntactic violations were directly compared with effects obtained when working memory is particularly demanded (embedding subject- or object-relative clauses), yielding a significant dissociation in terms of topography. Even though, the anterior negativities for grammatical violations vanished when relative clauses were embedded, suggesting that the processes reflected by anterior negativities related to grammatical violations and those related to working memory manipulations, even if different, are placing demands on a common pool of limited resources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An electrophysiological (ERP) component, the recognition potential, in the assessment of brain semantic networks in patients with schizophrenia.

Abnormal activation of semantic networks may be the underlying basis for thought disorder (ThD) in patients with schizophrenia. However, whether this abnormality consists of increased or decreased activation is unclear. Previous behavioral and electrophysiological (N400) data have failed to yield consistent evidence for clarifying this hypothesis. One of the event-related potentials (ERP) components (the recognition potential, RP), presumably reflecting activation of specific semantic networks involved in ThD, has not been used to studies of schizophrenia, and may add additional information to support or refute this hypothesis. In an initial experiment, RP amplitude was reduced in schizophrenic patients, but particularly in those with ThD. In a second experiment, in addition to reduced overall RP amplitude, concrete words were shown to have higher amplitudes than abstract words in both patients and controls, supporting a relative integrity of the lexicon in ThD patients. RP reduction suggests that a fewer number of networks' elements are activated when an incoming word is processed, thus supporting hypoactivation of the semantic networks as the basis for ThD.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Automatic attention to emotional stimuli: neural correlates.

We investigated the capability of emotional and nonemotional visual stimulation to capture automatic attention, an aspect of the interaction between cognitive and emotional processes that has received scant attention from researchers. Event-related potentials were recorded from 37 subjects using a 60-electrode array, and were submitted to temporal and spatial principal component analyses to detect and quantify the main components, and to source localization software (LORETA) to determine their spatial origin. Stimuli capturing automatic attention were of three types: emotionally positive, emotionally negative, and nonemotional pictures. Results suggest that initially (P1: 105 msec after stimulus), automatic attention is captured by negative pictures, and not by positive or nonemotional ones. Later (P2: 180 msec), automatic attention remains captured by negative pictures, but also by positive ones. Finally (N2: 240 msec), attention is captured only by positive and nonemotional stimuli. Anatomically, this sequence is characterized by decreasing activation of the visual association cortex (VAC) and by the growing involvement, from dorsal to ventral areas, of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Analyses suggest that the ACC and not the VAC is responsible for experimental effects described above. Intensity, latency, and location of neural activity related to automatic attention thus depend clearly on the stimulus emotional content and on its associated biological importance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Electrophysiological evidence of an early effect of sentence context in reading.

Recognition Potential is an electrophysiological response of the brain that is sensitive to semantic aspects of stimuli. According to its peak values (about 250ms), Recognition Potential appears as a good candidate to reflect lexical selection processes. Consequently, Recognition Potential might be sensitive to contextual information during reading a sentence. In present study, the standard procedures to improve the visibility of Recognition Potential (Rapid Stream Stimulation paradigm) were used in a task in which sentence context was crucial. A parieto-occipital Recognition Potential was observed to peak about 264ms after stimulus onset, followed by a centro-parietal N400 peaking at about 450ms. Recognition Potential was affected by contextual information though, contrary to N400, presenting larger amplitude to contextually congruous words. These results support the assumption that Recognition Potential may reflect lexical selection processes, representing also evidence of context effects on ERP around 250ms after stimulus onset during sentence reading.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The recognition potential during sentence presentation: stimulus probability, background stimuli, and SOA.

Recognition potential (RP) is an electrical brain response that has proved its usefulness for studying semantic processing of isolated words, and appears when subjects view meaningful stimuli embedded in a stream of background images at a high rate of presentation: the rapid stream stimulation paradigm (RSS). The present technical study is aimed at testing the validity of this procedure in the study of words within sentences. For this purpose, we varied word and background probability of appearance, the number of background stimuli preceding each word, and stimulus onset asynchrony. Probability did not have significant effects on RP, but it was found that a minimum number of two background stimuli preceding each word and a high rate (250 ms) of presentation are preferable for enhancing RP amplitude. The RSS paradigm would therefore improve the visibility-and, hence, refine the analysis-of a component that can nevertheless be obtained with more standard paradigms, such as rapid serial visual presentation, devoid of interspersed background stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Electrophysiological evidence of automatic early semantic processing.

This study investigates the automatic-controlled nature of early semantic processing by means of the Recognition Potential (RP), an event-related potential response that reflects lexical selection processes. For this purpose tasks differing in their processing requirements were used. Half of the participants performed a physical task involving a lower-upper case discrimination judgement (shallow processing requirements), whereas the other half carried out a semantic task, consisting in detecting animal names (deep processing requirements). Stimuli were identical in the two tasks. Reaction time measures revealed that the physical task was easier to perform than the semantic task. However, RP effects elicited by the physical and semantic tasks did not differ in either latency, amplitude, or topographic distribution. Thus, the results from the present study suggest that early semantic processing is automatically triggered whenever a linguistic stimulus enters the language processor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Valence-related vigilance biases in anxiety studied through event-related potentials.

INTRODUCTION: Behavioral experiments on reaction time indicate that anxious subjects' vigilance-related attention is biased towards threatening words, though direct data on cerebral activity associated to this bias are conspicuously scarce. METHODS: In the present study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 30 subjects, grouped according to their scores in trait and state anxiety questionnaires. The specific role of the arousal and valence content of the stimulation in the vigilance bias was investigated by blocking the arousal content. Stimulation with high biological significance was employed. An S1 (sound)-S2 (emotional picture) task ensured that subjects were vigilant towards positive, negative or control (neutral) images. RESULTS: Only subjects presenting high state scores and high state-trait combination scores showed significantly higher amplitudes in the Early Contingent Negative Variation during vigilance towards negative stimuli. This ERP component typically appears between S1 and S2 and reflects the intensity of vigilance. CONCLUSIONS: ERP activity detects cerebral indices that confirm the presence of valence-related vigilance biases in anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Long-term olanzapine treatment and p300 parameters in schizophrenia.

The well-known amplitude reduction of the P300 appears to be unaffected by the treatment with classical antipsychotics in schizophrenia, whereas the effects of atypical neuroleptics on this event-related potential are less understood. The study of these changes could help in deciding whether the P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia is a trait or state marker of that illness and in better describing the effect of atypical antipsychotics on altered cognitive functions. We present a prospective longitudinal study of P300 amplitude and latency before and after 6 months' treatment with olanzapine in 11 patients with schizophrenia. A healthy control group (n = 30) was also studied. Overall, no significant changes, either in amplitude or in latency as measured at Pz and Fz electrodes, were found when comparing the pre- and postolanzapine conditions, despite the overall improvement in positive and negative symptoms. Nevertheless a direct specific association was observed between a P300 amplitude increase with olanzapine and the improvement in negative symptoms. These data would suggest that P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia may be relatively independent from clinical state and treatment, thus constituting a trait marker of schizophrenia. Our data also suggest that, in addition to this, some further changes in P300 amplitude might depend on the clinical state of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The recognition potential and repetition effects.

The recognition potential (RP) is an electrical brain response peaking at 250 ms that appears when subjects view meaningful stimuli. Previous RP research was conducted in experimental conditions in which repetition effects could not be totally ruled out as influencing the generation of the RP response. The present study aims to elucidate whether repetition effects affect the topography and waveform of this component. For this purpose semantically correct, orthographically correct, strings of random letters, control and background stimuli were presented to 20 subjects following the rapid stream stimulation procedure and without repetition of any test stimulus. As previously, the RP showed its maximal amplitude at the PO7 electrode. It showed sensitivity to all levels of lexical processing, its response being maximal for semantically correct stimuli, and its topographical distribution was similar for all types of stimulus. Direct statistical comparisons with the data of a previous study where repetition effects could not be disregarded were performed, confirming the similarity between the results obtained in both experiments. The neural generators of the RP were placed again, as in previous studies, within the lingual gyrus. Although repetition effects have been reported to affect other semantic-related components such as the N400, they do not seem to affect either the topography or the waveform of the RP.

Adult↗