Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Marco Pocar.
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BACKGROUND: Syncope or new onset focal neurologic deficits are described in as many as one fifth of patients with acute aortic dissection referred for surgery. Coma or stroke caused by involvement of the arch vessels and secondary brain malperfusion is considered a major contraindication for emergency aortic repair. Initial experience with emergency operation in selected patients with acute type A aortic dissection complicated by coma is described. METHODS: Five comatose (median Glasgow coma score, 5.5), hemodynamically stable (systolic blood pressure > or = 100 mm Hg) patients with preserved pupillary reactivity and coma duration of less than 12 hours underwent emergency surgical repair. The ascending aorta was always replaced using profound hypothermic circulatory arrest. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths. No hemorrhagic brain infarction developed postoperatively. Ischemic strokes were documented by radiology in 3 patients, and were always right-sided. Four patients returned to normal life with no neurologic sequelae, whereas 1 patient showed partially recovered left hemiparesis and mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Coma may not represent an absolute contraindication for resuscitative surgery in hemodynamically stable patients with acute type A aortic dissection. A larger experience is necessary to draw more definitive conclusions.
OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to evaluate perioperative and late results after primary, single-stage arterial switch operation (ASO) associated with aortic arch obstruction repair. Outcome of patients with more than five years of follow-up were analyzed. BACKGROUND: The treatment of patients with transposition of the great arteries, or other forms of ventriculoarterial discordance suitable for an ASO, with coexisting arch obstruction is a difficult task. Single-stage repair has become the treatment of choice at many institutions, but large series with long-term results are seldom reported. METHODS: Between 1990 and 1998, a primary operation including aortic arch repair through a midline sternotomy was performed in 38 patients. The relief of arch obstruction was accomplished during a period of hypothermic circulatory arrest, employing a wide pericardial patch to enlarge the inner curvature of the entire arch in most patients. RESULTS: There were nine (24%) hospital deaths. None could be directly related to aortic arch repair, but additional risk factors for an ASO were common (right ventricular hypoplasia, complex coronary anatomy, uncommon relationship between the great vessels or severe pulmonary hypertension). There were no late deaths. Four patients required cardiac reoperation, whereas three underwent successful treatment of recurrent coarctation with balloon angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with ventriculoarterial discordance and aortic arch obstruction represent a high-risk subgroup of candidates for an ASO. Despite a non-negligible operative mortality, single-stage primary repair represents the treatment of choice, and follow-up of operative survivors is favorable. Pericardial patch enlargement is a reliable technique for arch obstruction repair.
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Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation is traditionally a complex lesion to repair. Only restrictive annuloplasty has become an accepted strategy to avoid valve replacement, but results are unsatisfactory in some subgroups of patients. We describe an original technique that addresses the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for one of the most common subtypes of ischemic mitral regurgitation, ie, asymmetric tethering of the mitral leaflets after inferior myocardial infarction. The technique includes partial detachment of the posterior leaflet from the mitral annulus, annular plication, and posterior cusp plasty.
Descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic operations still represent a challenge for the cardiovascular surgeon. In recent years, endovascular stent grafting has become a popular alternative to a conventional operation in selected patients, but is not always readily available or is technically contraindicated; also, long-term results are unknown. We describe a simplified surgical technique to secure a standard vascular prosthesis by performing a modified "elephant trunk" operation and discuss potential indications for its application.
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BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of surgical anteroseptal ventricular endocardial restoration (a procedure that excludes non-contracting scarred segments) in the left ventricle with chronic dilation and remodeling secondary to an anterior myocardial infarction are well established. We present a small series and discuss the indication for early left ventricular restoration in the setting of complicated acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Early ventricular restoration was performed in 8 patients (4 males, 4 females, mean age 70 +/- 8 years). A postinfarction ventricular septal defect was diagnosed in 3 cases. All patients were operated, on an urgent or emergent basis, between 1 and 16 days following the onset of infarction. Surgical coronary revascularization was associated in 7 patients. RESULTS: There was one operative death. At discharge, echocardiographic morphofunctional assessment revealed: a reduction of the left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes, an increase of the ejection fraction, and, most importantly, an improvement of remote myocardial shortening fraction. At a mean follow-up of 15.6 months (range 2-21 months), there were no late deaths and all survivors are in NYHA functional class I or II. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular restoration may represent an effective adjunct to the surgical management of patients with an acute extensive anterior myocardial infarction complicated by severe heart failure, with or without septal rupture.
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