Structural basis for ATP-dependent DnaA assembly and replication-origin remodeling.
In bacteria, the initiation of replication is controlled by DnaA, a member of the ATPases associated with various cellular activities (AAA+) protein superfamily. ATP binding allows DnaA to transition from a monomeric state into a large oligomeric complex that remodels replication origins, triggers duplex melting and facilitates replisome assembly. The crystal structure of AMP-PCP-bound DnaA reveals a right-handed superhelix defined by specific protein-ATP interactions. The observed quaternary structure of DnaA, along with topology footprint assays, indicates that a right-handed DNA wrap is formed around the initiation nucleoprotein complex. This model clarifies how DnaA engages and unwinds bacterial origins and suggests that additional, regulatory AAA+ proteins engage DnaA at filament ends. Eukaryotic and archaeal initiators also have the structural elements that promote open-helix formation, indicating that a spiral, open-ring AAA+ assembly forms the core element of initiators in all domains of life.