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Michael T Green

Publications and source records attributed to Michael T Green.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

On the feasibility of N2 fixation via a single-site FeI/FeIV cycle: Spectroscopic studies of FeI(N2)FeI, FeIV[triple bond]N, and related species.

The electronic properties of an unusually redox-rich iron system, [PhBP(R)3]Fe-Nx (where [PhBP(R)3] is [PhB(CH2PR2)3]-), are explored by Mössbauer, EPR, magnetization, and density-functional methods to gain a detailed picture regarding their oxidation states and electronic structures. The complexes of primary interest in this article are the two terminal iron(IV) nitride species, [PhBP(iPr)3]Fe[triple bond]N (3a) and [PhBP(CH2Cy)3]Fe[triple bond]N (3b), and the formally diiron(I) bridged-Fe(mu-N2)Fe species, {[PhBP(iPr)3]Fe}2(mu-N2) (4). Complex 4 is chemically related to 3a via a spontaneous nitride coupling reaction. The diamagnetic iron(IV) nitrides 3a and 3b exhibit unique electronic environments that are reflected in their unusual Mössbauer parameters, including quadrupole-splitting values of 6.01(1) mm/s and isomer shift values of -0.34(1) mm/s. The data for 4 suggest that this complex can be described by a weak ferromagnetic interaction (J/D < 1) between two iron(I) centers. For comparison, four other relevant complexes also are characterized: a diamagnetic iron(IV) trihydride [PhBP(iPr)3]Fe(H)3(PMe3) (5), an S = 3/2 iron(I) phosphine adduct [PhBP(iPr)3]FePMe3 (6), and the S = 2 iron(II) precursors to 3a, [PhBP(iPr)3]Fe-Cl and [PhBP(iPr)3]Fe-2,3:5,6-dibenzo-7-aza bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene (dbabh). The electronic properties of these respective complexes also have been explored by density-functional methods to help corroborate our spectral assignments and to probe their electronic structures further.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2006

Evidence for basic ferryls in cytochromes P450.

Using a combination of Mössbauer spectroscopy and density functional calculations, we have determined that the ferryl forms of P450(BM3) and P450cam are protonated at physiological pH. Density functional calculations were performed on large active-site models of these enzymes to determine the theoretical Mössbauer parameters for the ferryl and protonated ferryl (Fe(IV)OH) species. These calculations revealed a significant enlargement of the quadrupole splitting parameter upon protonation of the ferryl unit. The calculated quadrupole splittings for the protonated and unprotonated ferryl forms of P450(BM3) are DeltaE(Q) = 2.17 mm/s and DeltaE(Q) = 1.05 mm/s, respectively. For P450cam, they are DeltaE(Q) = 1.84 mm/s and DeltaE(Q) = 0.66 mm/s, respectively. The experimentally determined quadrupole splittings (P450(BM3), DeltaE(Q) = 2.16 mm/s; P450cam, DeltaE(Q) = 2.06 mm/s) are in good agreement with the values calculated for the protonated forms of the enzymes. Our results suggest that basic ferryls are a natural consequence of thiolate-ligated hemes.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Resonance Raman spectroscopy of chloroperoxidase compound II provides direct evidence for the existence of an iron(IV)-hydroxide.

We report direct evidence for the existence of an iron(IV)-hydroxide. Resonance Raman measurements on chloroperoxidase compound II (CPO-II) reveal an isotope ((18)O and (2)H)-sensitive band at nu(Fe-O) = 565 cm(-1). Preparation of CPO-II in H(2)O using H(2)(18)O(2) results in a red-shift of 22 cm(-1), while preparation of CPO-II in (2)H(2)O using H(2)O(2) results in a red-shift of 13 cm(-1). These values are in good agreement with the isotopic shifts predicted (23 and 12 cm(-1), respectively) for an Fe-OH harmonic oscillator. The measured Fe-O stretching frequency is also in good agreement with the 1.82-A Fe-O bond reported for CPO-II. A Badger's rule analysis of this distance provides an Fe-O stretching frequency of nu(Badger) = 563 cm(-1). We also present X-band electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) data for cryoreduced CPO-II. Cryogenic reduction (77 K) of the EPR-silent Fe(IV)OH center in CPO-II results in an EPR-active Fe(III)OH species with a strongly coupled (13.4 MHz) exchangeable proton. Based on comparisons with alkaline myoglobin, we assign this resonance to the hydroxide proton of cryoreduced CPO-II.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2006

Preparation and properties of a monomeric Mn(IV)-oxo complex.

Manganese-oxo complexes have long been investigated because of their proposed roles in biological and chemical catalysis. However, there are few examples of monomeric complexes with terminal oxo ligands, especially those with oxomanganese(IV) units. A oxomanganese(IV) complex has been prepared from [MnIIIH3buea(O)]2- ([H3buea]3-, tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethylene]aminato), a monomeric MnIII-O complex in which the oxo ligand arises from cleavage of dioxygen. Treating [MnIIIH3buea(O)]2- with [Cp2Fe]BF4 in either DMF at -45 degrees C or DMSO at room temperature produces [MnIVH3buea(O)]-: lambdamax = 635 nm; nu(Mn-16O) = 737 cm-1; nu(Mn-18O) = 709 cm-1; g = 5.15, 2.44, 1.63, D = 3.0 cm-1, E/D = 0.26, aMn = 66 G (A = 190 MHz). These spectroscopic properties support the assignment of a mononuclear MnIV-oxo complex with an S = 3/2 ground state. Density functional theory supports this assignment and the Jahn-Teller distortion around the high-spin MnIV center that would alter the molecular structure of [MnIVH3buea(O)]- from trigonal symmetry (as indicated by the highly rhombic EPR signal). [MnIVH3buea(O)]- is relatively unstable in DMSO, converting to [MnIIIH3buea(OH)]- via a proposed X-H bond cleavage. [MnIVH3buea(O)]- reacts with 1,2-diphenylhydrazine to from azobenzene (95% yield) and [MnIIIH3buea(OH)]-. The MnIV-oxo does not react with triphenyl- or tricyclohexylphosphine. However, O-atom transfer is observed with methyldiphenylphosphine and dimethylphenylphosphine, producing the corresponding phosphine oxides. These results illustrate the diverse reactivity of the MnIV-oxo unit.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2006

Evidence for two ferryl species in chloroperoxidase compound II.

Using a combination of density functional calculations and Mössbauer spectroscopy, we have examined chloroperoxidase compound II (CPO-II). The Mössbauer spectrum of CPO-II suggests the presence of two distinct ferryl species in an approximately 70:30 ratio. Density functional calculations and cryogenic reduction and annealing experiments allow us to assign the major species as an Fe(IV)OH intermediate. The Mössbauer parameters of the minor component are indicative of an authentic iron(IV)oxo species, but we have found the 70:30 ratio to be pH invariant. The unchanging ratio of component concentrations is in agreement with CPO-II's visible absorption spectrum, which shows no change over the enzyme's range of pH stability.

Chloride Peroxidase↗
PubMed2006

On the status of ferryl protonation.

We examine the issue of ferryl protonation in heme proteins. An analysis of the results obtained from X-ray crystallography, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) is presented. Fe-O bond distances obtained from all three techniques are compared using Badger's rule. The long Fe-O bond lengths found in the ferryl crystal structures of myoglobin, cytochrome c peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and catalase deviate substantially from the values predict by Badger's rule, while the oxo-like distances obtained from EXAFS measurements are in good agreement with the empirical formula. Density functional calculations, which suggest that Mössbauer spectroscopy can be used to determine ferryl protonation states, are presented. Our calculations indicate that the quadrupole splitting (DeltaE(Q)) changes significantly upon ferryl protonation. New resonance Raman data for horse-heart myoglobin compound II (Mb-II, pH 4.5) are also presented. An Fe-O stretching frequency of 790cm(-1) (shifting to 754cm(-1) with (18)O substitution) was obtained. This frequency provides a Badger distance of r(Fe-O)=1.66A. This distance is in agreement with the 1.69A Fe-O bond distance obtained from EXAFS measurements but is significantly shorter than the 1.93A bond found in the crystal structure of Mb-II (pH 5.2). In light of the available evidence, we conclude that the ferryl forms of myoglobin (pKa4), horseradish peroxidase (pKa4), cytochrome c peroxidase (pKa4), and catalase (pKa7) are not basic. They are authentic Fe(IV)oxos with Fe-O bonds on the order of 1.65A.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Application of Badger's rule to heme and non-heme iron-oxygen bonds: an examination of ferryl protonation states.

To gain insight into the protonation state of enzymatic ferryl species we have examined the applicability of Badger's rule to heme and non-heme iron-oxygen bonds. Using density functional theory we have calculated r(e) and nu(e) for the Fe-O bonds of complexes with different axial ligands, iron-oxidation, oxygen-protonation, and spin states. Our results indicate that Badger's rule holds for heme and non-heme oxo and hydroxo complexes. We find that the long Fe-O bonds that have been reported in the crystal structures of the ferryl forms of myoglobin, horseradish peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and catalase deviate substantially from the values predicted by Badger's rule, while the short Fe-O bonds obtained from X-ray absorption measurements are in good agreement with Badger's rule. In light of our analysis we conclude that the ferryl forms of myoglobin, horseradish peroxidase, and cytochrome c peroxidase are authentic iron(IV)oxos with Fe-O bonds on the order of 1.66 A and pKa's < 4.

Catalase↗
PubMed2005

X-ray absorption spectroscopy of chloroperoxidase compound I: Insight into the reactive intermediate of P450 chemistry.

We report the structural characterization of a thiolate-ligated ferryl radical. Using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we examined chloroperoxidase (CPO) compound I (CPO-I). Our results indicate that CPO-I is an authentic ferryl species with an Fe-O bond of 1.65 A. Axial-ligand interactions result in a remarkably long 2.48-A Fe-S bond. Analogous forms of cytochrome P450 and CPO have been shown to possess virtually identical coordination environments. Thus, it seems likely that our findings provide a good structural description of the elusive P450-I.

Chloride Peroxidase↗
PubMed2005

Rapid freeze-quench 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy: monitoring changes of an iron-containing active site during a biochemical reaction.

Nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy, also known as Mössbauer spectroscopy, is a technique that probes transitions between the nuclear ground state and a low-lying nuclear excited state. The nucleus most amenable to Mössbauer spectroscopy is 57Fe, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy provides detailed information about the chemical environment and electronic structure of iron. Iron is by far the most structurally and functionally diverse metal ion in biology, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has played an important role in the elucidation of its biochemistry. In this article, we give a brief introduction to the technique and then focus on two recent exciting developments pertaining to the application of 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy in biochemistry. The first is the use of the rapid freeze-quench method in conjunction with Mössbauer spectroscopy to monitor changes at the Fe site during a biochemical reaction. This method has allowed for trapping and subsequent detailed spectroscopic characterization of reactive intermediates and thus has provided unique insight into the reaction mechanisms of Fe-containing enzymes. We outline the methodology using two examples: (1) oxygen activation by the non-heme diiron enzymes and (2) oxygen activation by taurine:alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase (TauD). The second development concerns the calculation of Mössbauer parameters using density functional theory (DFT) methods. By using the example of TauD, we show that comparison of experimental Mössbauer parameters with those obtained from calculations on model systems can be used to provide insight into the structure of a reaction intermediate.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2004

Oxoiron(IV) in chloroperoxidase compound II is basic: implications for P450 chemistry.

With the use of x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have found that the Fe-O bond in chloroperoxidase compound II (CPO-II) is much longer than expected for an oxoiron(IV) (ferryl) unit; notably, the experimentally determined bond length of 1.82(1) A accords closely with density functional calculations on a protonated ferryl (Fe(IV)-OH, 1.81 A). The basicity of the CPO-II ferryl [pKa > 8.2 (where Ka is the acid dissociation constant)] is attributable to strong electron donation by the axial thiolate. We suggest that the CPO-II protonated ferryl is a good model for the rebound intermediate in the P450 oxygenation cycle;with elevated pKa values after one-electron reduction, thiolate-ligated ferryl radicals are competent to oxygenate saturated hydrocarbons at potentials that can be tolerated by folded polypeptide hosts.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Electron tunneling in rhenium-modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurins.

Laser flash-quench methods have been used to generate tyrosine and tryptophan radicals in structurally characterized rhenium-modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurins. Cu(I) to "Re(II)" electron tunneling in Re(H107) azurin occurs in the microsecond range. This reaction is much faster than that studied previously for Cu(I) to Ru(III) tunneling in Ru(H107) azurin, suggesting that a multistep ("hopping") mechanism might be involved. Although a Y108 radical can be generated by flash-quenching a Re(H107)M(II) (M=Cu, Zn) protein, the evidence suggests that it is not an active intermediate in the enhanced Cu(I) oxidation. Rather, the likely explanation is rapid conversion of Re(II)(H107) to deprotonated Re(I)(H107 radical), followed by electron tunneling from Cu(I) to the hole in the imidazole ligand.

Azurin↗