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Mike R Schoenberg

Publications and source records attributed to Mike R Schoenberg.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Test performance and classification statistics for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in selected clinical samples.

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT; Rey, A. (1941). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique. Archives de Psychologie, 28, 21] is a commonly used neuropsychological measure that assesses verbal learning and memory. Normative data have been compiled [Schmidt, M. (1996). Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test: A handbook. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services]. When assessing an individual suspected of neurological dysfunction, useful comparisons include the extent that the patient deviates from healthy peers and also how closely the subject's performance matches those with known brain injury. This study provides the means and S.D.'s of 392 individuals with documented neurological dysfunction [closed head TBI (n=68), neoplasms (n=57), stroke (n=47), Dementia of the Alzheimer's type (n=158), and presurgical epilepsy left seizure focus (n=28), presurgical epilepsy right seizure focus (n=34)] and 122 patients with no known neurological dysfunction and psychiatric complaints. Patients were stratified into three age groups, 16-35, 36-59, and 60-88. Data were provided for trials I-V, List B, immediate recall, 30-min delayed recall, and recognition. Classification characteristics of the RAVLT using [Schmidt, M. (1996). Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test: A handbook. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services] meta-norms found the RAVLT to best distinguish patients suspected of Alzheimer's disease from the psychiatric comparison group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prediction errors of the Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate-3 (OPIE-3) stratified by 13 age groups.

The Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate-3 (OPIE-3) combines Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3rd edition (WAIS-III) subtest raw scores (vocabulary, information, matrix reasoning, and picture completion) and demographic data (i.e., age, education, gender, ethnicity, and region) to predict FSIQ scores. Differences between OPIE-3 estimated FSIQ scores and actual FSIQ scores were compared across 13 age groups in a random sample (N=1201) of the WAIS-III standardization sample. There were mean differences in estimated FSIQ between age groups (P<.01). There was a trend that the OPIE-3 algorithms underestimated FSIQ for individuals 16-17 (2.7 points) and 80-89 years old (3.5 points). However, the differences in estimation errors were small and the percentage of individuals misclassified by more than 10 FSIQ points by age group was similar across groups. The OPIE-3(2ST), OPIE-3MR, and OPIE-3VOC yielded robust estimates of FSIQ across age groups in a neurologically intact sample. Limitations, particularly with individuals aged 16-17 and 85-89 years, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Expanding the WAIS-III Estimate of Premorbid Ability for Canadians (EPAC).

Since the release of the Canadian WAIS-III normative data in 2001 (Wechsler, 2001), the clinical application of these norms has been limited by the absence of a method to estimate premorbid functioning. However, Lange, Schoenberg, Woodward, and Brickell (2005) recently developed regression algorithms that estimate premorbid FSIQ, VIQ and PIQ scores for use with the Canadian WAIS-III norms. The purpose of this study was to expand work by Lange and colleagues by developing regression algorithms to estimate premorbid GAI (Saklofske et al., 2005), VCI, and POI scores. Participants were the Canadian WAIS-III standardization sample (n = 1,105). The sample was randomly divided into two groups (Development and Validation group). Using the Development group, a total of 14 regression algorithms were generated to estimate GAI, VCI, and POI scores by combining subtest performance (i.e., Vocabulary, Information, Matrix Reasoning, and Picture Completion) with demographic variables (i.e., age, education, ethnicity, region of the country, and gender). The algorithms accounted for a maximum of 77% of the variance in GAI, 78% of the variance in VCI, and 63% of the variance in POI. In the Validation Group, correlations between predicted and obtained scores were high (GAI = .70 to .88; VCI = .87 to .88; POI = .71 to .80). Evaluation of prediction errors revealed that the majority of estimated GAI, VCI, and POI scores fell within a 95% CI band (93.5% to 97.0%) and within 10 points of obtained index scores (72.3% to 85.6%) depending on the subtests used. These algorithms provide a promising means for estimating premorbid GAI, VCI, and POI scores using the Canadian WAIS-III norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Clinical validation of the General Ability Index--Estimate (GAI-E): estimating premorbid GAI.

The clinical utility of the General Ability Index--Estimate (GAI-E; Lange, Schoenberg, Chelune, Scott, & Adams, 2005) for estimating premorbid GAI scores was investigated using the WAIS-III standardization clinical trials sample (The Psychological Corporation, 1997). The GAI-E algorithms combine Vocabulary, Information, Matrix Reasoning, and Picture Completion subtest raw scores with demographic variables to predict GAI. Ten GAI-E algorithms were developed combining demographic variables with single subtest scaled scores and with two subtests. Estimated GAI are presented for participants diagnosed with dementia (n = 50), traumatic brain injury (n = 20), Huntington's disease (n = 15), Korsakoff's disease (n = 12), chronic alcohol abuse (n = 32), temporal lobectomy (n = 17), and schizophrenia (n = 44). In addition, a small sample of participants without dementia and diagnosed with depression (n = 32) was used as a clinical comparison group. The GAI-E algorithms provided estimates of GAI that closely approximated scores expected for a healthy adult population. The greatest differences between estimated GAI and obtained GAI were observed for the single subtest GAI-E algorithms using the Vocabulary, Information, and Matrix Reasoning subtests. Based on these data, recommendations for the use of the GAI-E algorithms are presented.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Examining the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status: factor analytic studies in an elderly sample.

OBJECTIVE: The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a recently developed cognitive assessment instrument, has been shown to be useful with a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, but its factor structure has not been examined. METHOD: Using 824 community-dwelling elders, the RBANS was examined with confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. RESULTS: The existing structure of the RBANS was not supported; however, a two-factor solution was. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians and researchers using the RBANS should be cautious when interpreting this measure with its existing structure.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Subjective preference for lamotrigine or topiramate in healthy volunteers: relationship to cognitive and behavioral functioning.

OBJECTIVE: Outcomes research emphasizes patient self-assessment and preferences in optimizing treatment. We previously showed that lamotrigine produces significantly less cognitive and behavioral impairment compared with topiramate. In the current study we extend these observations to subject self-report of preference for lamotrigine or topiramate independent of potentially confounding effects of seizures or seizure control. Additionally, drug preference was related to effects of lamotrigine and topiramate on objective neuropsychological tests as well as self-perception on behavioral instruments. METHODS: Thirty-seven healthy volunteers completed a double-blind, randomized crossover design incorporating two 12-week treatment periods of lamotrigine and topiramate each titrated to a dose of 300 mg/day. Evaluation of 23 objective neuropsychological and 15 subjective behavioral measures occurred at four times: pretreatment baseline, first treatment, second treatment, and posttreatment baseline. Preference for lamotrigine or topiramate was assessed, while blinding was maintained, at the final study visit when each subject was asked which drug he or she would prefer to take. RESULTS: A large majority (70%) preferred lamotrigine, 16% stated preference for topiramate, and 14% had no preference (drugs equivalent). Consistent with preference, those preferring lamotrigine performed better on 19 of 23 objective and 13 of 15 subjective behavioral measurements while on lamotrigine. Inconsistent with preference, subjects preferring topiramate performed better on 19 of 23 objective and 9 of 15 subjective behavioral measures while on lamotrigine. Topiramate preference also did not correlate with IQ, serum concentration, body mass index, age, or gender. Topiramate preference did relate to responses on the Profile of Mood States. CONCLUSION: Lamotrigine was preferred by the majority of subjects, congruent with objective neuropsychological and subjective behavioral measures. In contrast, for those stating a preference for topiramate the results on objective neuropsychological measures were impaired while fewer complaints were noted on the Profile of Mood States. This suggests that preference for topiramate may be determined by an effect on mood.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

RBANS index discrepancies: base rates for older adults.

The present study expands upon the data available in the manual of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, by providing base rate data on Index discrepancies that are organized by general level of ability and include both age and education corrections. The data presented are based on the performances of a sample of 718 community dwelling older adults. These findings offer the possibility of increased sensitivity at detecting clinically significant differences that might not be identified when relying on base rate data from a greater age range. Similarly, these data highlight the mediating effects of the global level of cognitive functioning on discrepancy scores.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Development of the WAIS-III estimate of premorbid ability for Canadians (EPAC).

This study developed regression algorithms for estimating IQ scores using the Canadian WAIS-III norms. Participants were the Canadian WAIS-III standardization sample (n = 1,105). The sample was randomly divided into two groups (Development and Validation groups). The Development group was used to generate 12 regression algorithms for FSIQ and three algorithms each for VIQ and PIQ. Algorithms combined demographic variables with WAIS-III subtest raw scores. The algorithms accounted for 48-78% of the variance in FSIQ, 70-71% in VIQ, and 45-55% in PIQ. In the Validation group, the majority of the sample had predicted IQs that fell within a 95% CI band (FSIQ=92-94%; VIQ=93-95%; PIQ=94-94%). These algorithms yielded reasonably accurate estimates of FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ in this healthy adult population. It is anticipated that these algorithms will be useful as a means for estimating premorbid IQ scores in a clinical population. However, prior to clinical use, these algorithms must be validated for this purpose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between executive functioning and verbal and visual learning and memory.

Executive functions, which include an individual's ability to develop a response set, inhibit behaviors, plan, and reason, likely impact other areas of cognitive functioning, such as learning and memory. The present study examined the relationship between executive functioning and a wide array of standardized, clinical verbal and visual learning and memory measures in 212 patients referred for a neuropsychological evaluation. IQ was also included in the analyses. Results of the canonical correlation analyses indicated that the two cognitive domains shared 55-60% of variance, and two canonical variates were present. Although causality cannot be inferred, a clear and robust relationship between executive functioning and memory is evident, and clinicians should consider this overlap when interpreting poor performance among these two domains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Regression-based formulas for predicting change in RBANS subtests with older adults.

Repeated neuropsychological assessments are common with older adults, and the determination of clinically significant change across time is an important issue. Regression-based prediction formulas have been utilized with other patient and healthy control samples to predict follow-up test performance based on initial performance and demographic variables. Comparisons between predicted and observed follow-up performances can assist clinicians in making the determination of change in the individual patient. The current study developed regression-based prediction equations for the twelve subtests of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in a sample of 223 community dwelling older adults. All algorithms included both initial test performances and demographic variables. These algorithms were then validated on a separate elderly sample (n = 222). Minimal differences were present between Observed and Predicted follow-up scores in the Validation sample, suggesting that the prediction formulas would be useful for practitioners who assess older adults. A case example is presented that utilizes the formulas.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Test-retest stability and practice effects of the RBANS in a community dwelling elderly sample.

Repeated neuropsychological assessments are common with older adults, and the determination of true neurocognitive change is important for diagnostic assessment. Several statistical formulas are available to assist in this determination, but they rely on access to test-retest stability coefficients and practice effect values. The current study presents data on these psychometric properties of the RBANS in a large community dwelling elderly sample. Across a one-year retest interval, stability coefficients ranged from .58 to .83 for the Index scores, and from .51 to .83 for the subtest scores. Practice effects were largely absent, with most performances slightly decreasing at retest. These psychometric properties are contrasted with those reported in the RBANS manual, and possible reasons for these differences are discussed. A case example is provided that demonstrates the use of the current findings in conjunction with existing change formulas.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Base rates of longitudinal RBANS discrepancies at one- and two-year intervals in community-dwelling older adults.

Identification of clinically significant change in performance over time on neurocognitive tests is an important aspect of neuropsychological evaluation; however, scant published empirical data exists to guide the clinician in determining the significance of psychometric change across clinically relevant retest intervals. The present study presents base rate data of RBANS score discrepancies in a user-friendly manner based on the performances of a large sample (n=283) of community-dwelling older adults. Data for 1- and 2-year retest intervals are presented in a tabular form that can be used as a convenient reference. Base rates of discrepancy scores were calculated and organized into three groups (i.e., below average, average, and above average) with respect to the participants' OKLAHOMA age- and education-corrected RBANS Total Scale score (Duff, Patton, Schoenberg, Mold, Scott, & Adams, 2003) at initial assessment, in an effort to reduce the influence of regression to the mean and practice effects that is associated with varying levels of cognitive ability. (e.g., Rapport, Axelrod, Theisen, Brines, Kalechstein, & Ricker, 1997; Rapport, Brines, Axelrod, & Theisen, 1997). These data may be helpful in clinical practice by assisting the clinician in determining the clinical significance of score changes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Development of the WAIS-III general ability index estimate (GAI-E).

The WAIS-III General Ability Index (GAI; Tulsky, Saklofske, Wilkins, & Weiss, 2001) is a recently developed, 6-subtest measure of global intellectual functioning. However, clinical use of the GAI is currently limited by the absence of a method to estimate premorbid functioning as measured by this index. The purpose of this study was to develop regression equations to estimate GAI scores from demographic variables and WAIS-III subtest performance. Participants consisted of those subjects in the WAIS-III standardization sample that has complete demographic data (N=2,401) and were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (n=1,200) was used to develop the formulas (i.e., Development group) and the second (n=1,201) group was used to validate the prediction algorithms (i.e., Validation group). Demographic variables included age, education, ethnicity, gender and region of country. Subtest variables included vocabulary, information, picture completion, and matrix reasoning raw scores. Ten regression algorithms were generated designed to estimate GAI. The GAI-Estimate (GAI-E) algorithms accounted for 58% to 82% of the variance. The standard error of estimate ranged from 6.44 to 9.57. The correlations between actual and estimated GAI ranged from r=.76 to r=.90. These algorithms provided accurate estimates of GAI in the WAIS-III standardization sample. Implications for estimating GAI in patients with known or suspected neurological dysfunction is discussed and future research is proposed.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

A proposed method to estimate premorbid intelligence utilizing group achievement measures from school records.

Estimating premorbid cognitive functioning is an important part of any neuropsychological evaluation. This estimate is the benchmark against which current cognitive functioning is compared to establish the existence, degree, and rate of cognitive decline. Typically methods used to estimate premorbid cognitive functioning are based on; (1) demographic information, (2) combined current test performance with demographics, and (3) current reading (word recognition) ability. These approaches each have drawbacks including difficulty estimating premorbid abilities of people close to the extremes of intellectual functioning (i.e., estimating the premorbid ability of individuals in the gifted or borderline intellectual ranges). The current study reviewed the existing data comparing commonly used group administered achievement and college board tests with the Wechsler IQ tests. It is proposed that clinicians may predict premorbid cognitive functioning by applying the well-known predicted-difference method to estimate IQ from group administered achievement test scores. The correlations between group administered achievement and college board tests with the Wechsler IQ tests are reviewed and the descriptive statistics of selected group administered achievement and college board tests are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Predicting change with the RBANS in a community dwelling elderly sample.

Repeated neuropsychological assessments are common with older adults, and the determination of clinically significant change across time is an important issue. Regression-based prediction formulas have been utilized with other patient and healthy control samples to predict follow-up test performance based on initial performance and demographic variables. Comparisons between predicted and observed follow-up performances can assist clinicians in determining the significance of change in the individual patient. In the current study, multiple regression-based prediction equations for the 5 Indexes and Total Score of the RBANS were developed for a sample of 223 community dwelling older adults. These algorithms were then validated on a separate elderly sample (N = 222). Minimal differences were present between observed and predicted follow-up scores in the validation sample, suggesting that the prediction formulas are clinically useful for practitioners who assess older adults. A case example is presented that illustrates how the algorithms can be used clinically.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Differential estimation of verbal intelligence and performance intelligence scores from combined performance and demographic variables: the OPIE-3 verbal and performance algorithms.

Data from the WAIS-III standardization sample (The Psychological Corporation, 1997) was used to generate VIQ and PIQ estimation formulae using demographic variables and current WAIS-III subtest performances. The sample (n = 2450) was randomly divided into two groups; the first was used to develop formulas and the second to validate the regression equations. Age, education, ethnicity, gender, region of the country as well as Vocabulary, Matrix Reasoning, and Picture Completion subtests raw scores were used as predictor variables. Prediction formulas were generated using a single verbal and two performance subtest algorithms. The VIQ OPIE-3 model combined Vocabulary raw scores with demographic variables. The PIQ estimation algorithm used Matrix Reasoning and Picture Completion raw scores with demographic variables. The formulas for estimating premorbid VIQ and PIQ were highly significant and accurate in estimation. Differences in estimated VIQ and PIQ scores were evaluated and the OPIE-3 algorithms were found to accurately predict VIQ and PIQ differences within the WAIS-III standardization sample.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of the MCMI-III personality disorder and modifier indices with the MMPI-2 clinical and validity scales.

In this study, we examined the relationship of the MCMI-III (Millon, Davis, & Millon, 1997; Millon, Millon, & Davis, 1994) modifier indices and personality disorder scales to the validity and basic clinical scales of the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). The MCMI-III modifier indices highly correlated with all of the MMPI-2 validity scales except for the F(p) scale. Similarly, the MCMI-III personality disorder scales strongly covaried with the MMPI-2 validity and clinical scales except for the F(p) and 5 (Mf) scales. A factor analysis with Promax rotation revealed substantial relationships between the MMPI-2 and MCMI-III. However, the MMPI-2 F(p) scale did not tend to correlate with MMPI-2 or MCMI-III scales, indicating that F(p) scale variance was largely independent of other scales. The results suggest that clinicians should consider the interrelationship between personality characteristics and dissimulation.

Adolescent↗