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Myo-Khin

Publications and source records attributed to Myo-Khin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Ineffectiveness of breath methane excretion as a diagnostic test for lactose malabsorption.

BACKGROUND: In clinical and field conditions, breath gas analysis has been widely used in evaluating carbohydrate digestion. A field study was performed to determine the prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Myanmar children and to evaluate the possibility of using breath methane excretion to indicate lactose malabsorption in a field situation. METHODS: The study population consisted of 118 children aged 1 to 12 years. A hydrogen breath test after a lactose meal (2 g/kg, maximum 50 g) was used as a standard test. RESULTS: Lactose malabsorption was detected in 16.7% of children aged 1 to 2.9 years, with the prevalence increasing with age from 40.5% of those aged 3 to 5.9 years to 88.5% of those aged 6 to 8.9 years and reaching 91.7% in those aged 9 to 11.9 years. Lactose malabsorption was more prevalent when children were weaned before 4 months of age (87.2 vs. 41.1%; p < 0.01). Compared with lactose-tolerant children, those with lactose malabsorption had significantly higher concentrations of breath hydrogen excretion 60 minutes after the lactose test meal. Breath methane excretion was also significantly higher in samples at 120 minutes in children with lactose malabsorption. Breath methane excretion of greater than or equal to 2 parts per million at 180 minutes as a diagnostic test for lactose malabsorption had a sensitivity of 61.5% and a specificity of 84.6%. CONCLUSION: The breath methane test for lactose malabsorption has a lower sensitivity and specificity than the breath hydrogen test and therefore does not replace the lactose breath hydrogen test.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1996

Correlation of hydrogen and methane production to rice carbohydrate malabsorption in Burmese (Myanmar) children.

Rice carbohydrate malabsorption is common in Burmese village children and adults and may contribute to diminished growth. Its diagnosis depends on a rice breath hydrogen test, which has limitations. Almost 20% of Burmese children under age 5 produce methane, compared with less than 7% of children in Africa and Hong Kong. If an increased carbohydrate load in the colon due to rice malabsorption provides increased substrate for methanogenic bacteria in the left colon, higher fasting breath methane concentrations might be a simpler method of diagnosing rice malabsorption. We tested breath hydrogen and methane over a 4-h period and did anthropometric measurements in 142 subjects, 79 children, and 63 adults. Seventy percent of children were rice-malabsorbers. Methane production occurred in 20% of children under 5 years of age and increased to 60% of adults. There is an association of rice malabsorption with reduced length. There was not correlation between rice malabsorption and breath methane, and the concentration of breath methane does not, therefore, indicate rice absorption status and cannot replace rice breath hydrogen tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Patterns of methane production in a Burmese (Myanmar) population.

While up to 50% of Western populations produce methane, this is less than that of rural black Africans and there is no information on methane production in populations from Asian developing countries. Females consistently produce methane more commonly than males, and methane production in children under the age of five years, except in Nigeria, is unusual. Breath methane was sampled in 1426 subjects from Myanmar ranging in age from 1 month to 88 years, with a mean age of 26.2 years. Half (49.8%) of the Myanmar population produced methane, this figure comprising 53% of females and 46% of males sampled. Methane production increases with age and reaches adult levels after 10 years of age. A high prevalence of methane production was found in children under 3 years of age (15.8%). Methane production was absent in 13 solely breast-fed children and increased as other food was introduced into the diet. There was an association of methane production within families and with smoking. The prevalence of methane production increased in male and female smokers, with 75% of smokers producing methane. Methane production was not associated with occupation, education, income, water source, latrine type, previous diarrhoea, antibiotic usage or socio-economic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Serum cortisol levels in children with dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a serious and often fatal paediatric problem in Myanmar. Acute and convalescent serum cortisol levels were measured in 62 children with dengue infection to study cortisol sufficiency in this disease. Twenty-six children with non-dengue acute viral infection were also included as controls. In acute stage, highest mean serum cortisol level (655.4 +/- 72.18 nmol/l) was observed in DHF cases presenting with shock, followed by DHF non-shock cases (640.56 +/- 74.58 nmol/l) and dengue fever cases (617.2 +/- 75.38 nmol/l). Cases with DHF had significantly higher serum cortisol level (P < 0.05) than in controls (444.41 +/- 59.71 nmol/l). In cases of DHF, mean serum cortisol level during the acute stage was found to be significantly two-fold higher than the convalescent stage. We found no cortisol insufficiency in cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever during acute and convalescent stages of illness.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Intracellular distribution of radio-labelled enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STa) in the intestine of suckling rat.

The chloramine T-procedure was employed to radio-iodinate Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STa). The percentage iodination yield was 53.14% with a specific activity of 25.9 microCi/micrograms. Intragastric injections of both labelled and unlabelled toxin administered to suckling rats produced significant increase of fluid accumulation indicating that the biological activity of STa was not lost during radio-iodination. The uptake of the labelled toxin by subcellular particles of the intestinal cells in the suckling rats indicated that the toxin uptake was maximum in mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. This confirms our previous observation on lysosomal involvement in digestion of the toxin. Results of the study also seem to be consistent with the short-lived hyper-secretory action of the toxin.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

A prospective study on defecation frequency, stool weight, and consistency.

It has been commonly believed that children in developing countries pass stools that are very different from those of developed countries. A community based study on defecation frequency, stool weight, and consistency was conducted in a cohort of 300 Myanmar (Burmese) children aged 1 to 4 years. Most (80.3%) children opened their bowels daily and none passed more than three stools a day. The mean (SD) defecation frequency was 6.98 (1.94) times a week and total stool weight was 596 (221) g a week. The majority (61%) of children passed soft stools. At all ages, there was no significant difference in the defecation frequency, stool weight, and consistency between boys and girls, those on adult style diet and those partially weaned, and between age groups.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Maternal and newborn thyroid hormonal profile in a non-goitrous area of Myanmar.

Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels of 325 pairs of blood samples from the newborn infants and their mothers were determined with the aim of establishing the thyroid hormonal profile of the newborn babies and their mothers in a non-goitrous area of Myanmar. The mean +/- SEM cord serum T4, T3 and TSH levels were 117.47 +/- 1.92 nmol/l, 0.57 +/- 0.02 nmol/l and 6.41 +/- 0.84 mu/ml respectively. The corresponding maternal levels were 146.29 +/- 2.06 nmol/l, 2.33 +/- 0.04 nmol/l and 2.59 +/- 0.17 mu/ml maternal serum T4 and T3 levels were significantly higher than the corresponding cord serum values (p < 0.0001 in both cases) and maternal TSH level was significantly lower than cord level (p < 0.0001). Maternal and cord T4, T3 and TSH levels of premature infants were not significantly different from those of mature infants. Similarly maternal and cord hormonal levels of male infants were not significantly different from those of female infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sodium balance during acute diarrhoea in malnourished children.

Forty-six male children 12-59 months old (27 malnourished and 19 with normal nutrition) admitted for acute water diarrhoea of less than 48 hours' duration were studied. Using a metabolic balance and separate collections of urine and stools over each 6-hour period, balance studies were carried out up to 48 hours. Blood, stool, and urine samples were analysed for sodium and potassium levels. Serum cortisol levels were determined using radio-immunoassay in a subsample of six normal and five malnourished children. Malnourished children lost more sodium in their stools and urine during diarrhoea, so that they had significantly diminished gut net sodium balance and significantly diminished total body sodium balance. Significantly higher levels of serum cortisol were observed initially on admission among children with malnutrition. This study demonstrated that malnourished children had poorer sodium balance during acute diarrhoea.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Absorption of carbohydrate from rice in Ascaris lumbricoides infected Burmese village children.

With the objective of determining the relationship between ascariasis and carbohydrate absorption from rice, breath hydrogen tests (BHT's) were performed in two study populations of Burmese village children. Using a rice test meal, breath hydrogen peaks greater than 10 ppm above baseline within 4 hours (indicating rice malabsorption) were seen in 24 out of 55 (44 per cent) Ascaris lumbricoides infected children and 3 out of 18 (17 per cent) non-infected children (age 18-59 months). In another ascaris endemic village 139 children (age 36-108 months) underwent a rice meal BHT. Seventy children had been regularly dewormed for 2 years (single dose levamisole 50 mg every 3 months) whilst 69 children had been dewormed once in 2 years, 6 weeks before breath testing. Regularly dewormed children showed a lower prevalence of rice malabsorption (33 per cent) compared to the control group (54 per cent) (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that malabsorption of carbohydrate from rice can occur during Ascaris lumbricoides infection in children.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

In vitro hydrogen production by enteric bacteria cultured from children with small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

Lactulose breath hydrogen test and Enterotest string test were carried out simultaneously on 19 children 3-5 years old. Bacteria isolated from the jejunal fluid in upper small intestines of these children were incubated with lactulose at neutral pH. Anaerobes were present in all but one child, and in 15 children they were present in numbers greater than 5 log10 organisms per ml. Most of these bacteria did not produce hydrogen in vitro. Hydrogen production (greater than 100 ppm) was observed with the following bacteria: Bacteroides (5%), clostridia (8%), anaerobic corynebacteria (5%), Escherichia coli (67%), Lactobacillus (8%), Staphylococcus (8%), and Streptococcus (9%). The following bacteria did not produce hydrogen in vitro: Actinobacter, Actinomyces, anaerobic cocci, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, micrococci, Neisseria, Sarcina, and Veillonella. This study suggests that in the diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth using lactulose breath hydrogen test, it is important to consider that patients with a flat breath hydrogen response to a carbohydrate challenge during the first 60 min may be infected with enteric bacteria which are not capable of producing H2.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of small bowel bacterial overgrowth and rice carbohydrate malabsorption in Burmese (Myanmar) village children.

Breath hydrogen tests were performed after a rice meal (3 g of cooked rice/kg of body weight, equivalent to 1 g of carbohydrate/kg of body weight) on 256 village children (age range 1-59 months) who were known hydrogen (H2) producers. Anthropometric measurements were made every three months and growth rates were calculated. A breath H2 excretion pattern that suggested small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO), which was recognized as a transient maximum level of 10 ppm or more at 20-, 40-, or 60-min breath samples following the rice meal, was present in 53 (20.7%) children, and was more frequent in children 36-47 and 48-59 months old. This breath H2 excretion pattern was detected in 48 (33.3%) of 144 children who were rice malabsorbers (greater than 10 ppm H2 above baseline values in one of the breath samples taken between 90 and 240 min), and in only five (4.5%) of 112 rice absorbers. Children who had SBBO had a high relative risk (10.7) of being rice malabsorbers. Rice malabsorbers have a high relative risk (59.7) of having faltered growth, accompanied by a large etiologic fraction (94%). This same risk (6.68) and an etiologic fraction of 62% exist in children with untreated SBBO. These findings emphasize the need for interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of SBBO or similar conditions as detected by the breath H2 excretion pattern to prevent rice malabsorption and growth faltering.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of glucose/electrolyte and maltodextrin/glycine/glycyl-glycine/electrolyte oral rehydration solutions in cholera and watery diarrhoea in adults.

One hundred and eight male adults (mean age 33 +/- 1.7 years) presenting with watery diarrhoea of less than 48 hours duration at home prior to hospitalization and with clinically evident (grade II, severe) dehydration were admitted into a randomized double-blind clinical trial; 54 were treated with standard oral rehydration solution (ORS)--WHO formulation containing citrate--and 54 with an improved ORS formulation which contained, in addition to the standard formula, maltodextrin 20 g (instead of glucose), glycine 4 g and glycyl-glycine 4 g. Patients with clinical cholera were given tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d. Vibrio cholerae was detected in 85 patients. The clinical characteristics of patients in the two groups were comparable. The improved ORS did not reduce the volume of diarrhoeic stools in cholera; indeed, patients with cholera who were treated with improved ORS had larger diarrhoea stool volumes. However, those cholera patients given improved ORS showed significantly greater weight gains during the first six-hour period, at the end of the second day, and at discharge. On the other hand, non-cholera patients treated with improved ORS had significantly smaller diarrhoeic stool volumes during the six to 24-hour significantly smaller diarrhoeic stool volumes during the six to 24-hour period (i.e. during the commencement of maintenance rehydration therapy).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A pattern of breath hydrogen excretion suggesting small bowel bacterial overgrowth in Burmese village children.

Breath hydrogen tests (BHTs) were performed on 340 Burmese village children aged 1-59 months. Normalization (correction of breath H2 values to a constant mean O2 level) eliminated the variations in H2 levels due to sleep, storage temperature, or duration of storage. After a 10 g lactulose test meal, 145 (42.6%) children produced less than 10 ppm H2 above basal values (non-H2 producers). Of 195 H2 producers, a pattern of breath hydrogen excretion suggesting small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO)--recognized as a transient peak at the 20, 40, or 60 min breath samples following the lactulose test meal and distinguishable from the later colonic peak--was observed in 53 (27.2%), being significantly more frequent in male children, and exhibiting an age-prevalence pattern similar to that of acute childhood diarrhea in these villages. Diarrhea did not alter the state of H2 production (non-H2 producers remain non-H2 producers, and H2 producers remain H2 producers) although the magnitude of peak breath H2 changed.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of glucose/electrolyte and maltodextrin/glycine/glycyl-glycine/electrolyte oral rehydration solutions in acute diarrhea in children.

Male children (N = 101) 6-35 months of age presenting with acute watery diarrhea for less than 48 h at home before hospitalization were admitted into a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Fifty-one children were treated with standard oral rehydration solution (ORS) (World Health Organization [WHO] formulation containing citrate) and 50 were treated with an improved ORS formulation (containing, in addition to the standard formula, 20 g maltodextrin instead of glucose, and 4 g glycine and 4 g glycyl-glycine). None were given antibiotics. No i.v. infusions were given. Rotavirus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in stools of 43 children. Clinical characteristics of children in the two treatment groups were comparable. Improved ORS did not produce significant reduction in the volume of diarrhea stools. Children given improved ORS had greater weight gain than that observed in children treated with standard ORS, but the differences were not statistically significant except at the end of the first 24 h. Among children with rotavirus diarrhea, no significant differences were observed between the 23 children who received improved ORS and the 20 who received standard ORS.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Effect of short-term intermittent antibiotic treatment on growth of Burmese (Myanmar) village children.

To test the hypothesis that subclinical enteric infection (such as bacterial overgrowth), rice malabsorption, and growth faltering are causally linked, a field trial of low-dose, short-term, intermittent antibiotic treatment was carried out in 142 hydrogen-producing (by lactulose breath hydrogen test) Burmese village children aged 6-59 months. The children were randomly allocated treatment with metronidazole (20 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg daily), amoxycillin (25 mg/kg daily), or placebo given 1 week per month for 6 months. A cooked rice meal breath hydrogen test was done to classify the children as rice absorbers (RA) or rice malabsorbers (RM) before treatment and monthly on the day before each cycle of treatment. There were no differences between the treatment groups, so they were considered together. Factorial analysis showed that antibiotic treatment did not significantly affect the proportion of RM children. The only significant difference between antibiotic-treated and placebo-treated children's growth was in the subgroup of RM children aged 36-47 months; the antibiotic-treated children had significantly greater linear growth. In other age groups antibiotic treatment had no effect on growth.

Age Factors↗