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Biomedical subjects

N Chapman

Publications and source records attributed to N Chapman.

50 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

An open, randomised, parallel group study of lactulose versus ispaghula in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults.

The efficacy, tolerance and acceptability of lactulose (Duphalac) and ispaghula (Fybogel Orange) were assessed in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. In an open, prospectively randomised, parallel group study, 124 patients with a history of constipation for more than three weeks were treated with either 15 ml bd of lactulose (increasing to 60 ml daily if necessary) or one sachet bd of ispaghula. Over the four-week treatment period both treatments were shown to be effective, and numbers of concurrent effects were similar between the two groups. Differences were demonstrated with regard to acceptability in favour of lactulose.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1990

Enteroviral infection in end stage dilated cardiomyopathy.

In order to evaluate the role of enteroviral infections in end stage dilated cardiomyopathy, RNA was isolated from left ventricular myocardium of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy explanted during heart transplantation (n = 6) and from control hearts (n = 8), then probed using a dot blot procedure with two well-defined enteroviral cloned cDNA probes. One of the cardiomyopathic heart samples hybridized with the enteroviral probes, while RNA samples from the other diseased heart and the control heart demonstrated no hybridization. To verify further the enteroviral infection, a cDNA prepared from the positive heart RNA hybridized with Southern blotted coxsackievirus B3 and poliovirus 1 nucleotide sequences, while a control sample, which gave negative results in the dot blot, showed no hybridization to the enteroviral sequence. These results provide evidence for an enteroviral infection in certain patients with end stage dilated cardiomyopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Molecular approaches to enteroviral diagnosis in idiopathic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis.

Enteroviruses are thought to be etiologic agents in some cases of human myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Murine models of acute coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis implicate coxsackie B viruses as possible causes of human myocarditis. Indirect evidence implicating enteroviruses as causative agents in human heart disease derives from serologic studies. More recently, direct evidence for enteroviral presence in diseased human heart tissues has been obtained by nucleic acid hybridization analyses. Although the data suggest that enteroviral infections may be associated with 18% to 50% of cases of myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy, or both, causality has not been established. Unanswered questions remain regarding the specific identity of the enteroviral genomes detected in the human heart and the potential for enteroviruses to persist in the heart.

Cardiomyopathies↗
PubMed1990

A program for caregivers in the workplace.

In four demonstration sites, an educational seminar series was offered to employed caregivers, followed by a choice of service options (i.e., care planning, a support group, a buddy system). An increase in absenteeism and knowledge of aging services was associated with attendance at the seminar series. Among the service options, only care planning and support groups were utilized by employees. A decrease in negative affect was associated with each of the options.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Human gastric emptying and colonic filling of solids characterized by a new method.

Our first aim was to compare 111In-labeled Amberlite IR-12OP resin pellets and 131I-labeled fiber in the assessment of gastric and small bowel transit and colonic filling in healthy humans. Both radiolabels were highly stable for 3 h in an in vitro stomach model and remained predominantly bound to solid phase of stools collected over 5 days [90.5 +/- 2.1 (SE)% for 131I and 87.4 +/- 1.4% for 111In). The lag phase of gastric emptying was shorter for 111In-pellets (30 +/- 11 min compared with 58 +/- 12 min for 131I-fiber, P less than 0.05). However, the slope of the postlag phase of gastric emptying and the half time of small bowel transit were not significantly different for 111In-pellets and 131I-fiber. Filling of the colon was characterized by bolus movements of the radiolabel (10-80% range, 26% mean) followed by plateaus (periods of no movement of isotope into colon lasting 15-120 min, range; 51 min, mean). Half of the bolus movements occurred within 1 h of the intake of a second meal. Thus 111In-labeled Amberlite pellets provide an excellent marker for the study of gastric and small bowel transit and colonic filling in humans. The ileum acts as a reservoir and transfers boluses of variable sizes into the colon, often soon after the intake of a subsequent meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Envelope glycoprotein of HIV induces interference and cytolysis resistance in CD4+ cells: mechanism for persistence in AIDS.

Masking of host cell receptors following retroviral infection is the basis for the phenomenon of virus interference. Amphotropic retrovirus vectors were used to express the HIV envelope glycoprotein in a human CD4+ cell line. Envelope expression is accompanied by a reduction in the level of surface CD4 receptor molecules and correlates with the presence of intracellular envelope-CD4 receptor complexes. Cells expressing the HIV envelope acquire a cytolysis-resistant phenotype such that infection with HIV leads to a non-cytopathic persistent virus infection. Furthermore, phorbol ester-mediated stimulation of viral replication in persistently infected cells results in renewed cytolytic effects which, due to the absence of CD4 in the cell population, are absolutely independent of syncytium formation. This study elucidates the mechanism by which viral persistence is initiated and maintained in the course of AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

The drug treatment of depression in general practice: a comparison of nocte administration of trazodone with mianserin, dothiepin and amitriptyline.

This 6-week, double-blind, randomised, multicentre study was performed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of evening administration of 150 mg trazodone as an initial and maintenance therapy and to compare this regimen with recommended dosages of mianserin, dothiepin and amitriptyline in the treatment of depressed, adult, general practice patients. A total of 227 eligible depressed patients were recruited into the study by a panel of general practitioners. One hundred and twelve patients were randomised to receive trazodone therapy, 36 received mianserin, 35 received dothiepin and 44 received amitriptyline. Trazodone was administered as a single daily dose of 150 mg. Mianserin was given at a dose of 30 mg for the first 7 days followed by 60 mg daily for the remaining 5 weeks. Dothiepin and amitriptyline were both given at a dosage of 75 mg daily for the 1st week; this was then increased to 150 mg and 100 mg, respectively, for the final 5 weeks of the study. Efficacy of the four treatments was assessed using the modified Hamilton depression rating scale scores and by the Investigator's judgment of both the global severity and improvement of the condition. No significant differences were shown, using any measure of efficacy, between trazodone and any of the three comparator drugs. All treatments resulted in significant improvement in both Ham-D scores and global measures over the period of the study. Using a total side-effect score to assess the incidence and severity of adverse events and adjusting for baseline differences, the four treatments were found to differ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Treatment rationale in thyroid carcinoma. Effect of scan dose.

The authors have previously shown that the definition of ablation of thyroid tissue in patients treated with thyroidectomy and radioiodine (I-131) for thyroid carcinoma depends upon the dose of I-131 used to scan the patient. The therapeutic response to I-131 therapy was evaluated in a group of ten differentiated thyroid cancer patients who had a negative 2-mCi (-2 mCi) diagnostic study, but had a positive 10-mCi (+10 mCi) diagnostic study (group 1) during their follow-up evaluation. These results were compared to another group of ten differentiated thyroid cancer patients who received I-131 ablation therapy based on a positive 2-mCi (+2 mCi) I-131 scan (group 2). Six patients in group 1 and eight in group 2 had improvement or ablation of residual tissue based on the 10-mCi scan following therapy. The difference in response between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.63) by two-tailed Fisher's exact test, indicating that even patients with -2-mCi, but +10-mCi scans may respond to I-131 therapy. Whether the large dose therapy makes any impact on the clinical outcome has not been answered by this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The significance of 1-131 scan dose in patients with thyroid cancer: determination of ablation: concise communication.

Twenty-four patients with differentiated thyroid cancer were studied with diagnostic I-131 neck chest scans after having undergone bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and initial I-131 therapy with either 30- or 100-mCi doses. With an endogenous stimulation protocol, follow-up studies were performed with neck and chest scans using 2 and 10 mCi I-131. A 400% increase in sensitivity was found with a 10-mCi dose relative to a 2-mCi dose. Comparison with therapeutic doses of 30 and 100 mCi resulted in further increases in the detection of residual iodine-avid tissue. We conclude that a 2-mCi or lower dose of I-131 is inadequate in evaluating residual iodine-avid tissue visually in patients with thyroid cancer. The study does not answer the critical question of whether it is necessary to treat a patient presenting a negative 2-mCi but a positive 10-mCi scan. It may be appropriate to define ablation visually as well as clinically, with further studies directed toward determining a treatment rationale in this patient population.

Adenocarcinoma↗