PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

N E Kowal

Publications and source records attributed to N E Kowal.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin: correlation with nutrition and smoking history.

Urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin concentrations from approximately 1000 samples from the general adult U.S. population, collected as part of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey II (NHANES II), were related to nutritional and smoking history of the individuals. Urinary cadmium concentration was negatively correlated with dietary iron (significance level of 0.0065), negatively correlated with dietary calcium (significance level of less than 0.0001), and significantly (level of less than 0.001) higher in past or present smokers than in those who had never smoked. The results suggest increased cadmium absorption in the presence of low dietary intake of iron, low dietary intake of calcium, and cigarette smoking in the general population of the United States.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1979

Normal levels of cadmium in diet, urine, blood, and tissues of inhabitants of the United States.

Cd was measured in the feces, urine, blood, and hair of U.S. inhabitants without known high Cd exposure in Chicago, Illinois, and Dallas, Texas, and in autopsy tissues of accident victims in Dallas. The average intake of Cd in food was estimated to be 13-16 microgram/d and was higher for males than females. The average levels of Cd were 0.59-0.77 microgram/l in urine, 0.09-0.11 microgram per 100 ml in blood, 0.83-1.10 microgram/g in hair, 21 microgram/g in kidney cortex, 1.2 microgram/g in liver, 0.067 microgram/g in muscle, 0.58 microgram/g in pancreas, and 0.040 microgram/g in fat. Hair Cd was higher for males than females. Cd levels increased with age in urine and all tissues and were higher in cigarette smokers than nonsmokers in urine, blood, and all tissues.

Cadmium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin: normal values and concentration adjustment.

Approximately 1000 urine samples were collected from the general adult U.S. population and were analyzed for cadmium, beta 2-microglobulin, specific gravity, and creatinine. The distributions of urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin levels were quantified for use as benchmarks against which the effects of environmental cadmium exposure may be measured. Urinary cadmium is significantly higher in females than males, and increases significantly with age. Urinary beta 2-microglobulin is significantly higher in males than females, is probably related to age, and does not significantly increase with increased urinary cadmium (at the levels found). Since urinary creatinine is lower in females than males and is a function of age, specific gravity is concluded to be the most straightforward and practical parameter to use in data adjustment for urine concentration.

Adult↗