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Biomedical subjects

N Edwards

Publications and source records attributed to N Edwards.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Community health nursing audit: issues encountered during the selection and application of an audit instrument.

Several issues were encountered by nurse-managers in a community agency while implementing an audit of community health nursing charts. They included the following: (1) what is the purpose of the audit? (2) are the required resources available to implement the audit process? (3) what is the selection process for charts to be audited? (4) how many charts have to be audited? (5) is the audit tool based on relevant and measurable criteria and standards? (6) have the measurement properties of the audit tool been determined, including validity and reliability? The validity, reliability, and weighting of scores of the Craig audit tool are explored. Results of an assessment of this tool's reliability are presented.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1989

Experiences of nursing joint appointments in a teaching health unit.

This article describes the experiences of five community health nursing faculty who are jointly appointed between McMaster University School of Nursing and the Hamilton-Wentworth Department of Public Health Services in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The appointees are actively involved in service, education, and research activities within the teaching health unit, a specially funded project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. Various kinds of consultation and expertise are offered by joint appointees to staff and management within the Department of Public Health Services. The amount of time and effort invested in a particular activity or project varies as staff, students, and joint appointees each make their contributions. Several lessons are learned in acting out our diverse roles in this exciting and challenging service environment.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1989

Antileishmanial activities of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline putative dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.

2,4-Diaminoquinazoline analogs of folate were assessed as antileishmanial agents and as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Against Leishmania major in human macrophages in vitro, two compounds with tertiary amines attached directly to the quinazoline ring were remarkably active. The 50% effective doses were in the picogram per milliliter range (12 to 91 pg/ml), and the in vitro therapeutic indices were approximately 10(5). These compounds were 1,000 times more active on an absolute basis and had a 100 times more favorable therapeutic index than any compound previously tested in this model. Antileishmanial activity was not correlated with activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigote reductase, which suggests that folate utilization in general, rather than reductase activity specifically, was being inhibited.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Biochemistry of Pentostam resistant Leishmania.

Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis WR 669 clone 4 were made resistant to antimony in the form of Pentostam (sodium stibogluconate) by exposure to media containing increasing concentrations of Sb. The dose of Sb expected to kill 50% of promastigotes and amastigotes of the parent sensitive clone (WR 669) and the resistant clone (WR 669R) was determined by exposure of suspensions in physiologic salt solution for 3 hr. The approximate Ed50s in microgram Sb/ml were: 10,000 for WR 669R promastigotes; 7,000 for WR 669R amastigotes; 200 for WR 669 promastigotes; and 150 for WR 669 amastigotes. Thus, Sb resistance and Sb sensitivity expressed by promastigote clones are also expressed by their respective amastigotes. Studies with 125Sb-Pentostam showed that WR 669R amastigote resistance was not due to altered Sb uptake over 1 hr. When amastigotes pretreated with Pentostam were incubated with 14C labeled metabolic precursors, susceptibility to Sb was correlated with inhibition of glycolytic enzymes and of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

How to insert a central venous catheter.

Familiarity with the anatomy of the central veins, the equipment to be used and attention to technical detail are fundamental to successful and rapid central venous cannulation. This article provides a concise description of the relevant anatomy, some general advice and a brief account of the common methods of cannulation. Emphasis has been placed on practical detail and commonly encountered pitfalls.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗
PubMed1988

Isolation and identification of seven metabolites of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 formed in the isolated perfused rat kidney: a model for the study of side-chain metabolism of vitamin D.

The in vivo metabolism of dihydrotachysterol3, an analogue of vitamin D3 and a potent calcemic factor, has been studied in the rat. This in vivo metabolism is compared to the in vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 in the perfused rat kidney. Using mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy, we have identified seven novel metabolites derived from 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3. The seven compounds represent intermediates on two renal pathways (24-oxidation and 26,23-lactone formation) also observed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. No evidence was found for the renal synthesis of a 1-hydroxylated metabolite of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 analogous to the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Two of the compounds formed in vitro, 24,25-dihydroxydihydrotachysterol3 and 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol 26,23-lactone, were also formed in vivo. In vivo studies also revealed the formation of two other unidentified metabolites which are presumed to be formed nonrenally and may be calcemic factors. This work shows that dihydrotachysterol3 metabolism is complex and probably utilizes the same side-chain enzymes as vitamin D3. In addition, our work also confirms that intermediates postulated to lie on pathways to 26,23-lactone in the vitamin D3 series are also formed for the side chain in dihydrotachysterol3.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A proposal for further standardization of red blood cell glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase determinations.

A number of factors were identified which influence the determination of red blood cell glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). White blood cells were effectively removed from whole blood by filtration, resulting in a mean reduction of G6PD activity of greater than 1.0 U/g Hb. Optimal enzyme activity was found using haemolysates with a Hb concentration in the range 0.4-1.2 g/dl. At a constant temperature of 30 degrees C, maximum linear rate of activity was achieved between the 10th and 20th min after initiation of the reaction. As a result of these findings, modifications to standardize the assay system were introduced. The new method exhibits excellent precision (CV less than 2.0%) with normal samples, and 95% reference ranges of 7.00-11.15 U/g Hb for adult females and 7.05-10.75 U/g Hb for adult males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A new procedure for the measurement of the outflow facility in conscious rabbits.

A new procedure for measuring the outflow facility in conscious rabbits is described. The Langham pneumatic tonometer is applied horizontally against the eye; the intraocular pressure (IOP) is recorded before, during and immediately following 2 min of a pre-determined increased ocular pressure that is maintained at a fixed value by digital pressure applied through the eyelids. An increased volume of aqueous humor outflow resulting from the IOP increase is evaluated from the initial and final IOP values and the pressure volume relation for eyes of living rabbits. Close agreement in values of the outflow facilities in pairs of eyes of individual rabbits and excellent reproducibility of the procedure were found in repeated measurements made over a 24-hr period. The mean values of the IOP and the total outflow facility in 60 eyes of 30 rabbits were 20.5 +/- 0.2 mmHg and 0.17 +/- 0.01 microliter min-1 mmHg-1 respectively. Thirty minutes after an intravenous injection of acetazolamide, the IOP had decreased in both eyes of individual rabbits. This was associated with a decrease in the outflow facility and with a decrease of more than 50% in the rate of aqueous humor formation. One hour after the unilateral application of epinephrine the IOP had decreased in the treated eyes while the outflow facility remained unchanged.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1987

Neurobehavioral correlates of cholestatic and hepatocellular disease: differentiation according to disease specific characteristics and severity of the identified cerebral dysfunction.

Subjects with three different types of hepatic cirrhosis were compared on a battery of neuropsychological tests to determine if cerebral dysfunction varied according to the type of liver disease. It was found that the manifest cognitive impairments varied according to the type and etiology of the liver disease. These findings underscore the sensitivity of neuropsychological tests in the detection of hepatic encephalopathy, particularly in cases where there are no overt clinical signs or symptoms of neurologic disturbance. They also suggest that the nature and severity of the measurable neuropsychological abnormalities may vary within patient populations depending upon the etiology of the individual's liver disease and the specific pathophysiological mechanisms involved in its progression.

Cholangitis↗