Fluorocarbohydrates. 13. Synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-(+)-glyceraldehyde 3-O-phosphate.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
N F Taylor
Publications and source records attributed to N F Taylor.
A paradox: elevated 21-hydroxypregnenolone production in newborns with 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
21-Hydroxypregnenolone and its metabolite 5-pregnene-3 beta, 20 alpha 21-triol have been measured in the sulfate fraction of neonatal urine. These two steroids are the major two 21-hydroxylated 5-pregnenes produced by neonates and are almost exclusively excreted as disulfates. The excretions of these steroids by normal infants and infants with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were compared. In addition to measurement of the absolute excretion, the excretion relative to the total 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene output was also determined. The results show that 21-hydroxypregnenolone excretion is highly elevated in 21-hydroxylase deficiency (affected, mean 887 micrograms/24 h, range 453-1431 micrograms/24 h; normal, mean 117 micrograms/24 h, range 17-263 micrograms/24 h), but when compared to excretion of other delta 5 steroids the excretion is slightly low [(21-hydroxypregnenolone + 5-pregnene-3 beta, 20 alpha, 21-triol)/total 3-beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroids, 2.9% affected; 3.6% normal]. This difference was not statistically significant. There is thus no evidence that the 21-hydroxylase acting on pregnenolone is deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The explanation of the normal activity of "pregnenolone 21-hydroxylase," although not clearly defined, is probably associated with two recent findings by other workers: (a) that the human fetus has an active 21-hydroxylase distinct from the adrenal enzyme and (b) that a 21-hydroxylase structurally very different from the adrenal enzyme, with high activity towards pregnenolone (but no activity towards 17-hydroxyprogesterone), has been isolated from rabbit hepatic microsomes.
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone↗
A randomised controlled trial of proprioceptive and balance training after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
A randomised controlled trial (29 participants) was used to compare a 6-week proprioceptive and balance exercise program with a 6-week strengthening program in the early phases of rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Measurements of functional activity were taken by a blinded assessor before the intervention and at the end of the 6 weeks. Results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between groups on hop testing at 6 weeks. For several items in the Cincinnati knee rating system and the patient specific functional scale however, the strengthening group improved more than the proprioceptive and balance group (p < .05). The hypothesis that proprioceptive and balance training would improve functional activity more than strengthening exercises was not supported. There was either no difference between the two forms of exercise or strength training may be more beneficial than proprioceptive and balance training in the early phase of rehabilitation after ACL reconstructive surgery.
Adult↗
A systematic review of the effect of proprioceptive and balance exercises on people with an injured or reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament.
This systematic review investigated the effect of proprioceptive and balance exercise on outcomes following injury and surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Five studies of high quality that offered empirical evidence by comparing one rehabilitation program to another were included in this review. There is some evidence that proprioceptive and balance exercise improves outcomes in individuals with ACL-deficient knees. Improvements in joint position sense, muscle strength, perceived knee joint function, and hop testing were reported following proprioceptive and balance exercise. Only one included study investigated proprioceptive exercise following ACL reconstruction. Benefits were noted in the proprioceptive group for measures of strength and proprioception; however, no benefits were noted for any measures of activity. No detrimental effects--such as increased passive joint laxity or decrease in strength--were noted when compared with standard rehabilitation programs for both ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed individuals. Further research is required to determine if proprioceptive and balance exercise improves long-term outcomes such as return to sport.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
11Beta-HSD and 17beta-HSD as biological markers of depression: sex differences and correlation with symptom severity.
There is growing interest in the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) as local modulators of hormone action. We have studied urinary steroid profiles from nine men and nine women with Major Depression to determine whether 11beta-HSD and 17beta-HSD activity are altered. Urinary steroid profiles were determined by high resolution gas chromatography. The ratio of 11-oxo over 11beta-hydroxy metabolites of cortisol was used as the index of 11beta-HSD activity and the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) over androstenediol-17beta was used as the index of 17beta-HSD activity. Symptom severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). None of the measures of cortisol production, 9 AM plasma cortisol, 24 hour urinary free cortisol or 24 hour total urinary cortisol metabolites, correlated with HDRS in either men or women. 11Beta-HSD activity was altered and correlated with symptom severity in depressed women (r=0.688, p<0.05) but not men (r=0.132). In both depressed men and women, 17beta-HSD activity was altered and correlated with HDRS scores (r=-0.796, p<0.05 and r=0.688, p<0.05 respectively). However, although the ratio was changed in the same direction in depressed men and women. the correlation with symptom severity was positive in women but negative in men. We conclude that markers of subtle change such as these may prove more useful and informative than gross changes in plasma cortisol in depression.
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗