Biomedical subjects

N Funata

Publications and source records attributed to N Funata.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

CD5 expression in thymic carcinoma.

To determine the differences between the cellular characteristics of thymic carcinoma and thymoma, immunohistochemical analysis with lymphocyte markers (CD1a, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 21, 25, 30, 57, and 72) was performed on 23 thymic epithelial tumors other than lymphocytic thymoma: overt thymic carcinoma (OC, n = 7), atypical thymoma (n = 5), and typical thymoma (epithelial or mixed thymoma, n = 11). Among the surface antigens examined, CD5, a type of receptor molecule that signals cell growth in T cells, was expressed in neoplastic epithelial cells of the thymus, in OC (seven of seven) and atypical thymoma (two of five), but not in typical thymoma. Double labeling immunofluorescence demonstrated expression of CD5 in cytokeratin-positive cells. The CD5 molecule extracted from an OC tumor showed the same molecular size as that in the spleen, but CD72, a ligand of CD5 on the surface of B cells, was not found in the epithelial cells of OC or atypical thymoma. Expression of CD5 was not observed in carcinomas of other organs, such as lung (n = 15), breast (n = 4), esophagus (n = 6), stomach (n = 6), colon (n = 9), and uterine cervix (n = 3). CD5 is closely related to morphological changes in thymic epithelial tumors and may play a role in the evolution of OC through receptor-ligand interaction.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1992

Leptomeningeal dissemination of cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Case report.

A case of surgically treated pilocytic astrocytoma in the cerebellar vermis is reported in a patient who subsequently demonstrated multiple subarachnoid nodular masses in the cerebrum and spinal cord 6 years after the initial surgery. The nodular tumors did not indicate a growth tendency on computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging over a 2-year observation period. The histology of the nodular masses in the cerebrum and spinal cord was similar to that of the original tumor. The bromodeoxyuridine labeling index indicated low proliferative activity (0.5%). The peculiar pattern of dissemination of the pilocytic astrocytoma is described.

Astrocytoma↗

PubMed1992

[Pulmonary lesions of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--analysis of 24 Japanese autopsy cases with AIDS].

The pulmonary lesions were studied in 24 autopsy cases of Japanese patients with AIDS. The major pathological findings were opportunistic infections, which were the major clinical symptoms in some patients. The pathogens identified were as follows; Pneumocystis carinii (PC) in 10, cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 14, atypical mycobacterium in 5, cryptococcus in 2, candida in 2, and nocardia in 1. PC pneumonia was prominent in 8 cases and was the cause of death. In such patients, the lung were heavy and appeared parenchymatous. Histological examination revealed numerous protozoa in the foamy material in the alveolar spaces, associated with swelling of the alveolar lining cells and edematous thickening of the alveolar septa. In some cases, only hyaline membrane formation was prominent without foamy material in the alveolar spaces. Immunostaining with anti-PC monoclonal antibody or in-situ hybridization with oligopeptide demonstrated pathogens in the hyaline membranes. Many cases with PC pneumonia had concomitant opportunistic infections such as CMV, Herpes simplex virus, and atypical mycobacterium. Extrapulmonary infection of PC was seen in only one case. CMV infection was found in 14 cases; 7 had innumerable inclusion bodies, and in some cases the lesions were most prominent around the bronchioles. Of the 5 cases of atypical mycobacterial infection, 2 were caused by M. kansaii (MK) and 3 by M. avium intracellulare (MAI). Both lesions of MK infection showed necrosis and cavitation. One of three cases of MAI infection showed cavitation. Around the cavitary lesions, numerous cytomegalic inclusion bodies were identified in the mesenchymal cells, which may have been the cause of necrosis and cavitation of the lesions. MAI infection was systemic and pronounced in the lymph nodes, spleen, and intestinal mucosa. Neoplastic lesions comprised 2 cases of Kaposi's sarcoma and 4 of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma in other organs. Lung involvement was seen in only one case of Kaposi's sarcoma although very small in size. The lesion was situated along the pulmonary vein and appeared hemorrhagic macroscopically. Pulmonary lesions in AIDS are complicated, and many of opportunistic pathogens were identified in single patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

Neuropathology of the central nervous system in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Japan. With special reference to human immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalomyelopathies.

The neuropathological features of the central nervous system in 15 autopsy cases of Japanese male with AIDS were reported. Nine patients had various histological changes including a variety of opportunistic infections in six patients (40%), primary malignant lymphoma of the brain in two (13%), AIDS encephalopathy in four (27%) and vacuolar myelopathy in one (7%). Usually, these pathological changes were present concomitantly. AIDS encephalopathy was characterized by infiltration of mono- and multinucleated cells and myelin pallor with astrogliosis located predominantly in the cerebral white matter and subcortical gray matter. Furthermore, unevenly distributed neuronal loss of the cerebral cortex was apparent in one case. Diffuse astrocytosis of the gray matter out of proportion to neuronal loss was also an outstanding finding in another case. The present study suggested that not only the white matter changes but also gray matter alterations might be the morphological substrates of AIDS encephalopathy.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗

PubMed1990

Atypical endocrine granules in atypical endocrine tumor (AET) of the lung. An immunoelectron microscopic study.

Highly dense granules are a hallmark for recognizing atypical endocrine tumor (AET) of the lung. We report a case of AET with many atypical neurosecretory-type granules: moderately dense granules (mean size 373.7 nm) and "target" granules with a central dense core (425.1 nm), both apparently larger than the highly dense granules (223.3 nm). Immunoelectron microscopical studies demonstrated that all three types of granule were positive for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), human chorionic gonadotropin alpha-subunit (hCG alpha), calcitonin or serotonin. Although the size profiles of positive granules were similar for calcitonin and hCG alpha, they were different from those of GRP or serotonin granules. The presence of atypical granules and the different size profiles of hormonal products in AET indicate that caution is required in ultrastructural evaluation of granules in lung carcinomas.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1990

Brain-associated small-cell lung cancer antigen (BASCA) is expressed in developing lung: an immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic study.

Expression of brain-associated small-cell lung cancer antigen (BASCA) in developing lung and in lung tumors was investigated immunohistochemically and immunoelectron microscopically with monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes of BASCA. In fetal lung, epithelial and mesenchymal cells had different spatial and temporal expression patterns, in contrast to the consistent pattern in neural cells. The cell membranes of epithelial cells of the proximal bronchial tubes were diffusely positive at the pseudoglandular stage. Ciliated cells lost immunoreactivity shortly after their emergence, but non-ciliated cells, including endocrine cells, lost it at the alveolar stage. The immunoreactivity in mesenchymal cells was reduced in the proximal airway, but positivity remained in the distal lung later during the postnatal period. All endocrine tumors of the lung, defined by diffuse synaptophysin immunoreactivity, expressed BASCA, but some non-endocrine carcinomas which also lacked densely cored granules ultrastructurally, showed BASCA positivity. The temporal and spatial pattern of BASCA expression in the developing lung suggests that BASCA plays an active role in lung morphogenesis. BASCA may be expressed as an oncofetal substance in some non-endocrine carcinomas of the lung.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Human chorionic gonadotropin alpha-subunit in endocrine cells of fibrotic and neoplastic lung. Its mode of localization and the size profile of granules.

To investigate the nature of various endocrine cells immunoreactive for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG alpha) in the lung, immunoelectron microscopic study was performed on fibrotic adult lungs and endocrine neoplasms of the lung. The mode of localization of hCG alpha and the size profile of hCG alpha granules were different among endocrine cells under various proliferative conditions. The population of hCG alpha granules in the grouped type of endocrine cells was more variable with a shift to smaller size (mean area: 1.395 x 10(-2) microns 2, mean maximum diameter: 149.8 nm), than that in solitary ones (1.493 x 10(-2) microns 2, 155.4 nm). Tumorlet endocrine cells had larger hCG alpha granules (1.800 x 10(-2) microns 2, 171.3 nm) without change of SD of size parameters. In carcinoid tumors, the size profile of hCG alpha granules was considerably different from that in the three types described above. Moreover, hCG alpha granules were significantly smaller in size in carcinoid tumors without lymph node metastasis (2.295 x 10(-2) microns 2, 189.8 nm) than those in malignant carcinoid tumors with metastasis (3.368 x 10(-2) microns 2, 230.5 nm). The population of hCG alpha granules in atypical endocrine tumor was the parallel shift to a larger scale (6.251 x 10(-2) microns 2, 307.5 nm) from that of malignant carcinoids and the distribution pattern was different from that in benign carcinoids. In small cell carcinoma of the lung, hCG alpha immunoreaction was preferentially present in perinuclear space and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mode of localization of hCG alpha and the size profile of hCG alpha granules, representing specific features of intracellular processing of hCG alpha, may be closely related with some qualitative changes in the neoplastic process of pulmonary endocrine cells.

Carcinoid Tumor↗

PubMed1989

Intracellular topography of glycine-extended pro-gastrin-processing intermediates in human antral mucosa: an electron-microscopic immunocytochemical study.

To identify and characterize the subcellular topography of glycine-extended pro-gastrin-processing intermediates (G-Gly) in human antral mucosa, we performed an electron microscopic immunocytochemical study using region-specific antisera generated against the synthetic peptide, Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-Gly (GL7), and C-terminal-specific anti-gastrin antisera. As has been previously reported, G-cells contained both electron-dense and electron-lucent granules, with a range of intermediate forms. Gastrin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in almost all granules of each type, whereas anti-GL7 antisera immunostained chiefly electron-dense granules. The relative ratio of GL7/gastrin granules varied among different cells but was approximately 1:10 on average. Other cytoplasmic organelles were devoid of specific labeling for GL7 or gastrin. As we have assumed that G-Gly serves as the immediate precursor for each molecular form of gastrin, electron-dense granules with high labeling for GL7 are regarded as the principal site for conversion of G-Gly to gastrin. This speculation supports many previous reports that electron-dense granules are immature and that the granules become less electron-dense with maturation.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Histopathology of radiation injury of the brain with special reference to intraoperative radiotherapy].

Histological changes of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) induced brain injury are rather localized, but generally similar to those caused by external radiation therapy. The CT findings of radiation necrosis which are mistakenly diagnosed as a recurrent tumor might be due to the progression of necrosis and surrounding edema. IORT is a very effective treatment for gliomas, but enlargement of the treatment field size of IORT could increase the potential hazard of radiation to the normal brain tissue.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

X-radiation-induced differentiation of xenotransplanted human undifferentiated rhabdomyosarcoma.

A serially xenotransplantable strain of undifferentiated embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma originating from the nasal cavity of a 42-year-old woman has been established in our laboratory. After radiotherapy for the tumor donor, distinct rhabdomyoblastic differentiation of the undifferentiated sarcoma cells appeared in the primary lesion, and it is a reasonable assumption that X-irradiation has a certain potentiality to induce morphologic differentiation of tumor cells. To study this possibility, tissue fragments of undifferentiated embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that had grown to more than 10 mm after being transplanted to nude mice were selectively irradiated in situ. The degree of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation according to radiation dose was evaluated by light and electron microscopy and by immunostainability for myoglobin, creatine phosphokinase-MM, and desmin. Distinct morphologic differentiation of undifferentiated sarcoma cells could be induced by repeated X-irradiations at several-week intervals.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Coronary arteritis and aortoarteritis in the elderly males. A report of two autopsy cases with review of the literature.

Two elderly males died suddenly of acute myocardial infarction. Autopsy disclosed extensive and severe coronary arteritis, associated with aortitis. In most of all of the epicardial coronary arteries, fibrous thickening of the adventitia was remarkable and muscle layers of the media were nearly destroyed by infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. The aorta showed adventitial thickening with destruction of the elastic layers of the outer media. In the literature, similar extensive coronary arteritis has been reported in five cases of Takayasu's arteritis. All cases, including ours, were elderly or middle-aged males who died suddenly of myocardial infarction without the antemortem detection of the underlying arteritis. These aspects differ from the typical Takayasu's arteritis and we suggest that these cases are considered as a separate entity.

Aorta↗

PubMed1988

Pulmonary and pleural thymoma. Diagnostic application of lymphocyte markers to the thymoma of unusual site.

Two cases of the thymoma of the unusual sites were examined immunohistochemically. The one was intrapulmonary, and the other was diffuse pleural tumors. The infiltrating lymphocytes were T-cells showing OKT 6 positivity and nuclear immunoreactivity for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the intrapulmonary tumor, like lymphocytes in the mediastinal thymoma of predominantly lymphocytic or mixed types. Although lymphocytes were dispersed in the pleural tumor, there were some TdT(+) OKT 6(-) lymphocytes and the similar finding was observed in the thymoma of predominantly epithelial type. In lung carcinomas and pleural mesotheliomas, there were no TdT(+) OKT 6(+/-) lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical studies using lymphocyte markers may be an useful tool for the diagnosis of the thymoma of ectopic site or unusual presentation.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Encephalomyeloneuritis with mediastinal germ cell tumor. A paraneoplastic condition?

An unusual case of encephalomyeloneuritis associated with germ cell tumor with mature and immature teratoma arising int he mediastinum is presented. There was an unusually long interval from the onset of neurologic symptoms to the development of malignancy. The histopathology, characterized by limbic encephalitis, brain stem encephalitis, cortical cerebellar degeneration and myeloneuritis, was similar to that of paraneoplastic encephalomyeloneuritis previously described in the literature. Virological and immunological studies failed to demonstrate any causative agents or autoantibodies reacting with brain tissue. The causal relationship between the malignant neoplasm and encephalomyeloneuritis thus seems to be very complex.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Cornelia de Lange syndrome with intracranial germinoma.

An autopsy case of Cornelia de Lange syndrome with intracranial germinoma is reported. Clinically, the patient was diagnosed as having this syndrome at one year of age, she was found to be suffering from diabetes insipidus at 18 years of age and soon she had an accidental death. The autopsy disclosed that the tumor grew from the hypothalamus to the optic nerve and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. Microscopically, this tumor was a germinoma with a "two cell pattern". On the other hand, examination by peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) method of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis demonstrated that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) producing cells had decreased.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells in human anterior pituitary--immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.

The GFAP-positive cells in the five human anterior pituitaries obtained at autopsy were investigated immunohistochemically and ultramicroscopically. The GFAP-positive cells varied in number from case to case and were identical with the so-called stellate cell. The stellate cells were also involved in the follicular formation. The electron microscopic study showed the various features of these cells. Some had a narrow rim of perikaryon and slender cytoplasmic processes with a moderate number of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula and others formed an intercellular lumen and follicles with well developed Golgi apparatus, vesicular body and lysosome. The intermediate filaments were rather abundant and the anit-GFAP-positive products were thought to be related with these filaments. The stellate cells were non-granulated so far as examined. The variability of their ultrastructural features were thought to reflect the different physiological state of the pituitary. The present findings suggested the important role of the stellate cells in the function of the endocrine secretary cells. Their origin was also discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

A study of experimental cyanide encephalopathy in the acute phase--physiological and neuropathological correlation.

A study was performed to elucidate the significance of various physiological factors contributing to the pathogenesis of experimental cyanide encephalopathy, such as the systemic arterial blood pressure, venous pressure, common carotid blood flow and local blood flow of the cerebral grey and white matters, and blood gas including pH. The histology and topography of the brain damage was also analysed. Twenty-one cats were divided into four groups. The animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 were subjected to continuous infusion of 0.2% sodium cyanide solution and to the ensuing hypotension below 100 mm Hg by administering a ganglion-blocking drug and by respiratory arrest. Severe damage developed in the deep cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, pallidum and substantia nigra, but the damage of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was not remarkable. The animals in group 4 that were subjected to cyanide infusion without significant hypotension (above 100 mm Hg), but to the same degree of acidosis as that of the other groups, had similar morphological changes, but to a lesser degree. On the basis of our physiological and morphological findings, we speculated that the pathophysiological factors of tissue hypoxia and subsequent hypotension operated in cyanide leucoencephalopathy. The topographic selectivity seemed to be related to the characteristic cerebral vascular system, and the severity of the white matter lesions was related to the intensity of both hypoxia and hypotension during cyanide infusion, but not to the extent of acidosis, total dose of cyanide or duration of its infusion per se.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1983

An experimental study of the pathogenesis of the selective lesion of the globus pallidus in acute carbon monoxide poisoning in cats. With special reference to the chronologic change in the cerebral local blood flow.

Twenty-eight mature cats were exposed to 0.3% carbon monoxide (CO) gas for 90-193 min using artificial ventilation. The systemic blood pressure (BP), venous pressure (VP), blood flow of the left common carotid artery (CF), and blood gas were monitored. The local blood flow (LBF) of the globus pallidus, putamen, or claustrum was measured by the hydrogen clearance method. Pallidal lesions were found histologically in 14 cats. The period of CO inhalation and the time thereafter were divided into the following four stages in the animals with pallidal lesions. Stage 1: Initial phase with rapid increase in the CF and LBF, and rapid decrease in the BP. Stage 2: Middle phase with slow decrease in the BP, CF, and LBF. Stage 3: Terminal phase with rapid decrease in the BP, CF, and LBF. Stage 4: Recovery phase. The changes in stage 3 were not so prominent in the animals without pallidal lesions. The LBF of the globus pallidus of the animals with lesions decreased to 67.3 +/- 20.7% of the initial value at the terminal stage of CO inhalation, while it was 188 +/- 46.7% in those without lesions. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The LBF of the putamen or claustrum in the animals with lesions in the globus pallidus was 140 +/- 24.6% at this stage, and it was significantly higher than that of the globus pallidus (P less than 0.01). Other factors, such as CO inhalation time, degree of acidosis, and terminal CO-Hb concentration, did not correlate with the occurrence of the pallidal lesion.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Comparative study on pathogenesis of selective cerebral lesions in carbon monoxide poisoning and nitrogen hypoxia in cats.

Since in a previous study hypoxia and subsequent hypotension were considered to be essential for the pathogenesis of carbon monoxide encephalopathy (CO-encephalopathy), experiments were conducted to see whether a combination of nitrogen hypoxia and subsequent systemic hypotension of similar degree and duration as in the previous experimental CO poisoning could induce the same lesion in the CNS of cats. The partial pressure of blood oxygen was reduced to less then 26 mm Hg by increasing the concentration of nitrogen in N2/O2 gas to be inhaled in 1.5h and then the aortic blood pressure (BP) was reduced to 60-80 mm Hg by blood depletion and ganglion-blockage for 1h. In 11 of the 15 cats, lesions were produced in the CNS which were similar by light and electron microscopy to those in CO-encephalopathy. In control groups which were treated by hypoxemia only, hypotension only or a combination CO2-gas inhalation and hypotension without hypoxemia, such lesions were not found in the cerebral white matter. Considering the pathogenesis of lesions in the cerebral white matter in both nitrogen hypoxia and CO-poisoning, two factors i.e., hypoxemia and subsequent systemic hypotension, are common and essential. Further, the enormous vasodilatation in the cerebral white matter induced by hypoxemia and subsequent drop in BP seem to cause a more severe circulatory disturbance in the cerebral white matter than in the cortex.

Animals↗