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Biomedical subjects

N Gill

Publications and source records attributed to N Gill.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effect of recovery modality on 4-hour repeated treadmill running performance and changes in physiological variables.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three different recovery modalities--active (ACT), passive (PAS) and contrast temperature water immersion (CTW)--on the performance of repeated treadmill running, lactate concentration and pH. Fourteen males performed two pairs of treadmill runs to exhaustion at 120% and 90% of peak running speed (PRS) over a 4-hour period. ACT, PAS or CTW was performed for 15-min after the first pair of treadmill runs. ACT consisted of running at 40% PRS, PAS consisted of standing stationary and CTW consisted of alternating between 60-s cold (10 degrees C) and 120-s hot (42 degrees C) water immersion. Run times were converted to time to cover set distance using critical power. Type of recovery modality did not have a significant effect on change in time to cover 400 m (Mean +/- SD; ACT 2.7 +/- 3.6 s, PAS 2.9 +/- 4.2 s, CTW 4.2 +/- 6.9 s), 1000 m (ACT 2.2 +/- 4.0 s, PAS 4.8 +/- 8.6 s, CTW 2.1 +/- 7.2 s) or 5000 m (ACT 1.4 +/- 29.0 s, PAS 16.7 +/- 58.5 s, CTW 11.7 +/- 33.0 s). Post exercise blood lactate concentration was lower in ACT and CTW compared with PAS. Participants reported an increased perception of recovery in the CTW compared with ACT and PAS. Blood pH was not significantly influenced by recovery modality. Data suggest both ACT and CTW reduce lactate accumulation after high intensity running, but high intensity treadmill running performance is returned to baseline 4-hours after the initial exercise bout regardless of the recovery strategy employed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reduction in heat-induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in rats by bovine colostrum and goat milk powders.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three dietary groups [standard diet (Cont; n = 8), standard diet plus bovine colostrum powder (BColost 1.7 g/kg; n = 8), or goat milk powder (GMilk 1.7 g/kg; n = 8)] to determine the ability of these supplements to reduce gastrointestinal hyperpermeability induced by heat. Raising core body temperature of rats to 41.5 degrees C increased transfer of (51)Cr-EDTA from gut into blood 34-fold relative to the ambient temperature value (P < 0.05) in the Cont group of rats, indicative of increased gastrointestinal permeability. Significantly less (P < 0.01) (51)Cr-EDTA was transferred into the blood of rats in either the BColost (27% of Cont) or GMilk group (10% of Cont) after heating, showing that prior supplementation with either bovine colostrum or goat milk powder significantly reduced the impact of heat stress on gastrointestinal permeability. The changes in the BColost group were not significantly different than those of the GMilk group. The potential mechanism of the protective effect of bovine colostrum and goat milk powders may involve modulation of tight junction permeability, because both powders were able to maintain transepithelial resistance in Madin Darby canine kidney cells challenged with EGTA compared with cells maintained in media only. The results show that bovine colostrum powder can partially alleviate the effects of hyperthermia on gastrointestinal permeability in the intact animal. Moreover, goat milk powder was equally as effective as bovine colostrum powder, and both may be of benefit in other situations where gastrointestinal barrier function is compromised.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Salm-gene project - a European collaboration for DNA fingerprinting for food-related salmonellosis.

An external quality assessment of PFGE method to discriminate between salmonella serotypes and lysotypes was carried out by the Salm-Gene project in Europe. A set of 16 strains of S. Enteritidis was sent to 9 national salmonella reference laboratories. By using a harmonised protocol, the PFGE profiles produced were comparable between each centre. In most cases, there was at least 90% similarity between isolates tested in the different European laboratories and there was usually >95% similarity. This suggests that PFGE analyses are reproducible and therefore can be used as a valuable investigation tool combined with epidemiological data.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed2001

The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch): patterns of performance in children with ADHD and clinical controls.

The present study explores the utility of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch) as a measure of the attentional impairments displayed by children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Sixty-three children with ADHD and 23 non-ADHD Clinical Control children were compared on subtests of the TEA-Ch reflecting three attentional domains: sustained, selective, and attentional control. Results show that children with ADHD performed significantly worse than clinical controls on subtests of sustained attention and attentional control. The groups did not differ, however, on subtests of selective attention. These findings suggest that the TEA-Ch is sensitive to attentional deficits unique to ADHD and holds promise as a useful tool in the assessment of ADHD. Performance patterns and future directions are discussed.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Effect of daily versus intermittent exposure on heat acclimation.

In order to compare the effectiveness of a daily to an intermittent acclimation protocol, 14 competitive rowers (mean +/- SD VO2peak = 48 +/- 7 ml x kg x min(-1)) were randomly assigned to either a consecutive (10 consecutive days) or intermittent acclimation group (10 sessions over 3 weeks). For every heat exposure, subjects in each group exercised for 30 min at 70% VO2peak in an environmental chamber set at 38 degrees C and 70% relative humidity. Acclimation state was monitored by measuring heart rate (HR), rectal and skin temperature (Tre and Tsk), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and whole body sweat rate (SR) during each heat exposure. Final exercise Tre decreased significantly by 0.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C with intermittent heat exposure but the decrease was significantly larger (p < 0.05) with consecutive day heat exposure (1.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C). Final exercise HR also decreased significantly by 13 +/- 12 bpm (p < 0.05) in the consecutive group, and non-significantly by 5 +/- 13 bpm in the intermittent group. RPE decreased with daily (5 +/- 1, p < 0.05) but did not significantly decrease with intermittent heat exposure (1 +/- 3). Similarly, Tsk significantly decreased with consecutive (0.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C, p < 0.05) but not intermittent exposure (0.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C) and SR did not change in either group. Minimal adaptation occurs with intermittent heat exposure and it appears that daily heat exposure is the most effective acclimation strategy.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

Developments in variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.

The announcement on 17 July 2000 that the rate of increase in the incidence of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in the United Kingdom (UK) had reached statistical significance makes the current issue of Eurosurveillance particularly timely. A clus

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Lipid hydroperoxide levels in plant tissues.

Hydroperoxides are the primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are key intermediates in the octadecanoid signalling pathway in plants. Lipid hydroperoxides (LHPO) were determined spectrophotometrically based on their reaction with an excess of Fe(2+)at low pH in the presence of the dye xylenol orange. Triphenylphosphine-mediated hydroxide formation was used to authenticate the signal generated by the hydroperoxides. The method readily detected lipid peroxidation in Phaseolus: microsomes, senescing potato leaves and in a range of other plant tissues including Phaseolus hypocotyls (26+/-5 nmol g(-1) FW), Alstroemeria floral tissues (sepals 66+/-13 nmol g(-1) FW petals 49+/-6 nmol g(-1) FW), potato leaves (334+/-75 nmol g(-1) FW), broccoli florets (568+/-68 nmol g(-1) FW) and Chlamydomonas cells (602+/-40 nmol g(-1) FW). Relative to the total fatty acid content of the tissues, the % LHPO was within the range of 0.6-1.7% for all tissue types (photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic) and represents the basal oxidation level of membrane fatty acids in plant cells. In order to relate the levels of LHPO to specific signalling pathways, transgenic potato plant lines were used in which lipoxygenase (LOX) (responsible for hydroperoxide biosynthesis) and hydroperoxide lyase (a route of hydroperoxide degradation) activities were largely reduced by an antisense-mediated approach. While the LHPO levels were similar to wild type in the individual LOX antisensed plants, basal LHPO levels, by contrast, were elevated by 38% in transgenic potato leaves antisensed in hydroperoxide lyase, indicating a role for this enzyme in the maintenance of cellular levels of LHPOs.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2000

Lipid hydroperoxides in plants.

Hydroperoxides are the primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids and were determined spectrophotometrically based on their reaction with an excess of Fe2+ at low pH in the presence of the dye Xylenol Orange. Triphenylphosphine-mediated hydroxide formation was used to authenticate the signal generated by the hydroperoxides. The method readily detected lipid peroxidation in a range of plant tissues including Phaseolus hypocotyls (26 +/- 5 nmol.g of fresh weight(-1); mean +/- S.D.), Alstroemeria floral tissues (sepals, 66+/-13 nmol.g of fresh weight(-1); petals, 49+/-6 nmol.g of fresh weight(-1)), potato leaves (334+/-75 nmol.g of fresh weight(-1)), broccoli florets (568+/-68 nmol.g of fresh weight(-1)) and Chlamydomonas cells (602+/-40 nmol.g of wet weight(-1)). Relative to the total fatty acid content of the tissues, the percentage hydroperoxide content was within the range of 0.6-1.7% for all tissue types (photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic) and represents the basal oxidation level of membrane fatty acids in plant cells. Leaves of transgenic potato with the fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase enzyme expressed in the antisense orientation were elevated by 38%, indicating a role for this enzyme in the maintenance of cellular levels of lipid hydroperoxides.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mortality in young adults in England and Wales: the impact of the HIV epidemic.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the contribution of the HIV epidemic to premature mortality in England and Wales 1985-1996. DESIGN: Surveillance of deaths in HIV-infected individuals and causes of death from death certificates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time trends in age-specific mortality rates among 15-44 year olds and years of potential life lost (YPLL) to age 65 associated with HIV infection and other important causes of death in young adults. RESULTS: The crude age-specific mortality rates for all causes of death in the 15-44 year age band remained fairly constant between 1985 and 1996: in other age bands a decrease was seen. Deaths from both suicide and HIV increased in men aged 15-44 years. Although suicide accounted for a greater number of deaths throughout the period investigated, the largest proportional and absolute increase was seen for deaths in HIV-infected people. By 1996, the contribution of HIV to YPLL to age 65 varied from less than 0.5% in most rural localities to 20% of total YPLL in one London health authority. CONCLUSIONS: While part of the adverse trend in mortality in younger adults since 1985 was attributable to suicide, most resulted from HIV infection. The impact of HIV infection on mortality was greatest in London.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Studies on alkaline protease produced by Bacillus sp. NG312.

An alkalophilic hyperproducer of alkaline protease, Bacillus sp. NG312, was isolated, and the enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 11.0 and 60 degrees C. The temperature optimum was increased by 10 degrees C in presence of Ca2+. The crude enzyme was found to have half-life of 11 d at 37 degrees C and maximum stability at pH 9.0-10.0. It also exhibited very good stability in presence of detergent components and some locally available commercial detergent powders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Are HIV lookbacks worthwhile? Outcome of an exercise to notify patients treated by an HIV infected health care worker. Incident Management Teams.

This report describes the management and outcome of one of the largest exercises undertaken in the United Kingdom to notify patients exposed to an HIV infected health care worker. Eighty-six per cent (1597/1852) of patients on whom the infected junior doctor in obstetrics and gynaecology had performed surgical procedures were contacted and 1180 women (64% of those exposed) elected to be tested. None was found to be positive. Of those tested, 651 had undergone procedures classified as 'higher risk' and 529 'low risk' procedures. These data provide further evidence that the overall risk of transmission from an infected health care worker to patients is likely to be very low. HIV lookbacks may be worthwhile but we consider that it would be justifiable to notify and offer HIV testing only to patients who have undergone higher risk procedures. The estimated cost to the NHS of this exercise exceeded 200,000 Pounds.

Disease Notification↗
PubMed1998

Toward expression mapping of albinism-deafness syndrome (ADFN) locus on chromosome Xq26.

We have employed a direct cDNA selection methodology to isolate transcribed sequences encoded in the human chromosomal interval Xq26 that contains the gene for X-chromosome linked albinism deafness syndrome (ADFN). ADFN had been previously mapped to an 8 centi Morgan region on chromosome Xq26. We have constructed six cDNA libraries specific to six YACs mapping to a 1.5 mb span at the distal boundary of the ADFN locus. The YAC specific libraries were characterized for the presence of unique cDNAs. We have identified 15 transcribed sequences from the selected cDNA libraries. These cDNAs matched to three well characterized sequences corresponding to steroid 5-alpha reductase, ribosomal protein L28, and a short transcript that has been shown to be expressed in human brain cortex. Seven of the cDNAs matched to expressed sequence tags or other sequences of unknown function, and five cDNAs shared no homology with sequences in the public data bases. Each one of these sequences was represented as 3-10 clones in the set that was subjected to sequencing. Further characterization of these transcribed sequences may indicate potential candidates responsible for ADFN. We have discussed the utility of cDNA selection methodology in assembling transcript maps and identifying potential candidates for genetic deafness.

Albinism↗
PubMed1998

Effect of exercise on transplanted extensor digitorum longus muscle in Sprague Dawley rats.

Effect of exercise has been studied on intact and transplanted extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in rats. Majority of muscle fibres hypertrophied and a few showed hyperplasia in intact and transplanted EDL muscle after exercise. The weight, dimensions and diameter of muscle fibres increased, while total muscle area, number of muscle fibres and the number and diameter of nuclei decreased after exercise in all the experimental groups. The DNA, RNA and protein contents were however increased after exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Regeneration following orthotopic transplantation of entire plantaris muscle in Sprague Dawley rats.

Regeneration of rat plantaris muscle has been studied without predeneration. The original muscle fibres were completely degenerated within one week, but were completely regenerated at the end of experiment. The weight of regenerate showed 51% recovery. The breadth, length and total area of muscle and number of muscle fibres was less by 42, 37, 26 and 29% respectively, compared to control muscle at the end of experiment. The diameter of regenerated fibres was almost normalized at the end of experiment. The number and diameter of nuclei in the regenerate was more than that of control which coincides with the increase in DNA and RNA contents. The protein contents after an initial loss started increasing and continued to do so till the end of the experiment. The better regeneration of the plantaris muscle seems to be due to the presence of supporting gastrocnemius muscle.

Animals↗