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Biomedical subjects

N Gould

Publications and source records attributed to N Gould.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Rapid computer-assisted infrared analysis of urinary calculi using photoacoustic detection.

The application of commercial spectrum-analysing software to quantitative analysis of urinary stones by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry is described. The infrared technique is straightforward in comparison with other stone analysis procedures of similar scope and affords significant time savings. The use of partial least squares regression in the analysis program enables better quantitation of stone components than has been hitherto possible using infrared methods. All the principal and many less common stone constituents can be detected and measured. Photoacoustic detection was employed, thus enabling non-destructive analysis with minimal sample preparation. A comparison is made between the infrared procedure and the hybrid thermogravimetric plus "wet" chemistry technique, which it has superseded for routine urinary stone analysis in the author's department.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1995

Non-immune hydrops after 20 weeks' gestation: review of 10 years' experience with suggestions for management.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the etiologies and outcomes for a southeastern section of the United States, and to organize an efficient approach to evaluation. METHODS: We reviewed 82 cases of non-immune hydrops presenting after 20 weeks' gestation over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Overall perinatal mortality was 86.6%. Fetuses diagnosed with hydrops before 24 weeks' gestation had a perinatal mortality of 95%, with nearly one-third having abnormal karyotypes. The etiology of hydrops diagnosed after 24 weeks' gestation was more likely to remain idiopathic or to be related to cardiothoracic abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Before 24 weeks' gestation, the high risk of mortality and abnormal karyotype justifies offering families funipuncture in the hope of finding a treatable cause of non-immune hydrops. After 24 weeks' gestation, when fewer abnormal karyotypes are found, funipuncture may also be pivotal in diagnosing the cause of non-immune hydrops.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effectiveness of combined limonene and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in the treatment of NMU-induced rat mammary tumours.

Limonene, a monocyclic monoterpene, occurs naturally in orange peel oil. It has been shown to exhibit both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity without toxicity in rodent models. In this study we examined the effect of limonene both at maximally optimal and suboptimal doses and in combination with suboptimal doses of 4-hydroxyandrostrenedione on nitrosmethylurea-induced rat mammary tumours. A 10% limonene dose mixed in the diet caused tumour regression in all animals. A 5% limonene dose was only able to cause regression in 50% of the rats (P < 0.05). A suboptimal dose of 4-hydroxyandrostrenedione (12.5 mg kg-1) resulted in tumour regression in 75% of rats. A combination of 5% limonene with 4-hydroxyandrostrenedione (12.5 mg kg-1) resulted in a greater tumour regression (83.3%) than either agent given individually (P < 0.001 and 0.006 for limonene/4-hydroxyandrostrenedione vs limonene alone and 4-hydroxyandrostrenedione alone respectively.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1990

Left ventricular free wall rupture following acute myocardial infarction and cardiac amyloid.

A 74-year-old man died of left ventricular free wall rupture 6 days following an acute inferoposterior wall myocardial infarction. His hospital course was complicated by pump failure which proved resistant to inotropic support, diuresis, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. At necropsy, extensive amyloid deposition was noted. This case constitutes an unusual clinical setting for myocardial rupture because of the severity of systolic left ventricular dysfunction as well as cardiac amyloidosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Foot growth in children age one to five years.

As part of the protocol on the Development of the Child's Arch, foot growth studies were monitored prospectively in 107 children from 1 year of age till 5 years of age. Under 15 months of age, growth necessitated a 1/2 size footwear change in less than 2 months; from 15 months to 2 years of age, 1/2 size increase occurred every 2 to 3 months; from 2 to 3 years of age, 1/2 size change every 3 to 4 months; and from 3 to 5 years of age, 1/2 size change every 4 months. Although foot growth in boys and girls is parallel, boys' feet tend to average one size longer and one size wider. Width growth remained proportional to length growth throughout the study.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Development of the child's arch.

The purposes of the project were to monitor the development of the lower extremities and the longitudinal arch of the foot and to determine whether or not arch support footwear (three types) affected development of a neutral arch in toddlers 11 to 14 months of age until age 5 years. A total of 125 beginner walkers were recruited through the pediatrics department during a period of 1 1/2 years and divided by lot into four different footwear groups (one nonarch supportive). The group was studied for 4 years by physical examinations, x-ray films, and pedotopography (a Moire fringe technique of photography). At initial examination all of the apparently normal toddlers had pes planus by all clinical, roentgenographic, and photographic measurements. There were no cavus feet at that time or at 5 years of age. Arches developed regardless of the footwear worn but development was faster during the first 2 years (until age 3 years) with arch support footwear. The rapidity of arch development until 5 years of age continued in those children who wore longitudinal arch cookies. Ossification of the sustentaculum tali begins at approximately 5 years of age but is not complete for at least another 1 to 2 years. Hyperpronation was present in 77.9% and genu valgum in 92.3% of the 5-year-old children. These conditions are apparently the norm at this age in both boys and girls.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

Cockup deformity of the great toe hallux extensus.

Cockup of the great toe is characterized by persistent extension of the first metatarsophalangeal joint; the interphalangeal joint also may be involved. The syndrome has many causes, all easily diagnosed. Surgery is indicated in nearly every instance and will produce a corrected or improved result. The type of surgery--whether reefing, lengthening, or transposition of tendons, implant arthroplasty, or arthrodesis--is tailored to the underlying cause.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMed1985

Post-fracture, late debridement resection arthroplasty of the ankle.

Seven patients (three male and four female), aged 10 to 45 years (average, 36 years), who suffered fractures at the ankle (three right and four left) from 6 months to 20 years ago (average, 7.6 years), underwent late debridement resection arthroplasty. Follow-up ranged from 3.5 to 7 years (average, 5 years). Six patients improved in range of motion, endurance, and freedom from pain and swelling and were able to engage thereafter in increased activities, including sports. The oldest female (aged 45), because of continual pain 15 months later, had an ankle arthrodesis. No "normal" ankles resulted, but final rating determinations based on range of motion, endurance, swelling, pain, and subjective analyses were: excellent (1), good (3), fair (2), poor (1) (arthrodesis patient). Results of the 5-year follow-ups suggest that this type of surgery in selected cases is a feasible, at least interim, alternative to more radical total ankle arthroplasty or ankle arthrodesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Shoes versus sneakers in toddler ambulation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative values and differences between shoes and sneakers for young children just learning to walk. In phase 1 of the study, 79 toddlers (47 females and 32 males), ranging in age from 11 months to 3 years, were carefully measured for footwear. Only 15 toddlers (19%) could be properly fitted in the medium-width sneakers that are currently available on the market. The majority of the measured toddlers required widths greater than D, and to accommodate these wider feet, it was necessary to fit them with longer sneakers than they actually needed otherwise, thus making ambulation a bit more difficult and clumsy. In phase 2, eight toddlers, randomly selected except for sex (four male and four female), ranging in age from 11 to 16 months who had been ambulating 2 weeks to 5 months, were tagged with an identifying letter and videotaped in four walking situations: sneakers on tile, shoes on tile, sneakers on rugging, and shoes on rugging. Four hours of video taping was edited down to one-half hour. Twenty-three observers (orthopaedic surgeons, pediatricians, and shoe fitters) carefully reviewed the tape on multiple occasions and came to the following conclusions: better fit, stance, gait, cadence, and stability were noted with shoes in all the toddlers and in all situations. Falls were three times more frequent in sneakers as compared to shoes on tile surfaces and five times more frequent on rugging. It was concluded that the slight economic advantage of sneakers over shoes was not that great to warrant jeopardizing the capabilities of the toddler in the earliest stages of ambulation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1983

Warburg syndrome.

Warburg syndrome is a congenital oculocerebral disorder. It is caused by a genetic defect that simultaneously affects ocular and cerebral embryogenesis. The characteristic ophthalmic findings reflect the cerebral malformation (agyria or lissencephaly). Two cases, siblings, have been described. The characteristic bilateral ocular findings (leukocoria with microphthalmia) have been discussed and contrasted with simulating entities. Since Warburg syndrome is a lethal disorder, it is important to distinguish these affected infants from those with hydrocephalus with a known better prognosis. Lastly, the early recognition of this autosomal recessive disorder should prompt genetic parental counseling.

Brain↗
PubMed1983

Transcutaneous muscle stimulation to retard disuse atrophy after open meniscectomy.

Immobilization of an extremity inevitably results in disuse muscle atrophy. The effectiveness of transcutaneous muscle stimulation by a portable device in preventing atrophy has been determined. Ten patients treated by open meniscectomy and given the usual isometric training were matched with ten patients in whom electrostimulation, consisting of a strong, tetanizing, five-second sustained muscular contraction about 400 times/day, was used for two weeks. Muscular strength and leg circumference were measured before surgery and four weeks after surgery. The electrically stimulated group had a significantly smaller loss of muscle volume and muscle strength, were able to walk earlier without crutches, had a greater range of knee motion, had much less postoperative knee swelling, and used significantly less pain medication. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation may prevent muscle atrophy due to immobilization, thereby shortening rehabilitation time.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of hyperpronation and pes planus in adults.

Pes planus and hyperpronation of the hindfoot and midfoot are differentiated, and the numerous methods available for the clinical evaluation of both (including their norms) in the adult are presented. Pedotopography, a moiré fringe technique, is currently used in the clinical evaluation, along with "eyeball" visualization, tape measurement, ink mats, and roentgenography. Static deformities of the lower limbs and their joints are frequently responsible for manifestations of hyperpronation in the feet. Trauma and disease to bone, joints, or tendons in the region of the hindfoot or ankle can result in spastic pes planus with hyperpronation. Hyperpronation (excessive medial rotation of the talus) may exist without pes planus, but pes planus rarely is present without some degree of hyperpronation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Graphing the adult foot and ankle.

When the patient appears in your office with foot and/or ankle complaints, what will be your standard routine X-rays for those areas and what information can you glean from your careful study of these films? What views portray the areas in question and what are suggestive pathognomonic signs? The author has attempted to outline some of the roentgenological approaches to diagnosis of ailments of the foot and ankle and to point out some of the clues that can be found with their interpretations. Many of the signs have, hitherto, not been recognized or are buried in the voluminous orthopaedic literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Transcutaneous muscle stimulation as a method to retard disuse atrophy.

Thirty healthy, young adults (18 to 25 years of age), were volunteers in a three-group study to determine the efficacy of transcutaneous electrostimulation as a means of preventing atrophy of normal musculature on wearing a long-leg cast. Each group of ten subjects (five males and five females) were chosen by lot: Group I, nonisometric, Group II, isometric, Group III, TMS electrostimulated thigh and calf muscles. There was little difference in the findings in Groups I and II, and each lost an appreciable amount of muscle mass and power after just two weeks of immobilization. However, in the electrostimulated group muscle atrophy was one-half that of the other groups in the thigh area and one-fifth that of the others in the calf area. In addition, the calf musculature retained its bulk and power with actual increase in a few of the less athletic individuals. Trancutaneous muscle stimulation offers great promise for surgically treated or impaired extremities, enabling early return to activity with optimal function.

Adolescent↗