PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

N Kondo

Publications and source records attributed to N Kondo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Effect of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) mutations on molecular phenotypes of iduronate-2-sulfatase: enzymatic activity, protein processing and structural analysis.

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), has variable clinical phenotypes. Nearly 300 different mutations have been identified in the IDS gene from patients with Hunter disease, but the correlation between the genotype and phenotype has remained unclear. We studied the characteristics of 11 missense mutations, which were detected in the patients or artificially introduced, using stable expression experiments and structural analysis. The mutants found in the attenuated phenotype showed considerable residual activity (0.2-2.4% of the wild-type IDS activity) and those in the severe phenotype had no activity. In immunoblot analysis, both the 73-75 kDa precursor and processed forms were detected in the expression of 'attenuated' mutants (R48P, A85T and W337R) and the artificial active site mutants (C84S, C84T). The 73-75 kDa initial precursor was detected in the 'severe' mutants (P86L, S333L, S349I, R468Q, R468L). The truncated 68 kDa precursor form was synthesized in the Q531X mutant. The results of immunoblotting indicated rapid degradation and/or insufficiency in processing as a result of structural alteration of the IDS protein. A combination of analyses of genotype and molecular phenotypes, including enzyme activity, protein processing and structural analysis with an engineered reference protein, could provide an avenue to understanding the molecular mechanism of the disease and could give a useful tool for the evaluation of possible therapeutic chemical compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interferon-gamma enhances superoxide production in human mesangial cells via the JAK-STAT pathway.

Immune reactive cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-gamma, have multiple effects in glomerulonephritis. Superoxide anions (O(2)(-)), which are associated with the progression of glomerulonephritis, are mainly generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) NAD(P)H oxidases. We determined the effects of IFN-gamma on O(2)(-) production, phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1alpha, and the mRNA and protein expressions of p22phox and Nox1, components of NAD(P)H oxidases, in human mesangial cells (HMCs). Significant increases in O(2)(-) production with IFN-gamma were completely abolished by the flavin-containing enzyme inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (10 micromol/l), and the Janus-activated kinase (JAK)2 inhibitor, AG490 (100 micromol/l). Phosphorylated STAT-1alpha was detected after 5 min of IFN-gamma stimulation using Western blot analysis, and binding to the gamma-activating site was observed from 30 min to 4 h, thereafter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Super-shift analysis in EMSA revealed that the main transcription factor was STAT-1alpha. IFN-gamma significantly increased the expression of p22phox mRNA and protein, although expression was inhibited by AG490. These data suggest that IFN-gamma stimulates O(2)(-) production in HMCs via the JAK-STAT pathway and NAD(P)H oxidase.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2005

Effect of skin temperature on the ion reabsorption capacity of sweat glands during exercise in humans.

The effect of skin temperature on the ion reabsorption capacity of sweat glands during exercise in humans is unknown. In this study, eight healthy subjects performed a 60-min cycling exercise at a constant intensity (60% VO(2max)) under moderate (25 degrees C) and cool (15 degrees C) ambient temperatures at a constant relative humidity of 40%. The sweating rate (SR), index of sweat ion concentration (ISIC) by using sweat conductivity, esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature, and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously under both ambient temperatures. The SR and ISIC were significantly lower at the cool ambient temperature versus the moderate temperature. There were no significant differences in the changes in HR and esophageal temperature between these ambient temperature conditions, while the mean skin temperature was significantly lower at the cool ambient temperature by almost 3 degrees C (P < 0.05). The slopes of the relationships between Tes and the SR and ISIC were significantly lower and the thresholds of these relationships were significantly higher at the cool ambient temperature (P < 0.05). The ion reabsorption capacity of the sweat glands was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in a cool environment (0.21 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.52 +/- 0.06 mg/cm(2)/min at 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively) as evaluated using the relationships for SR and ISIC. The results suggest that the ion reabsorption capacity of the sweat glands is influenced by skin temperature during exercise in humans.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed2005

Changes in the index of sweat ion concentration with increasing sweat during passive heat stress in humans.

To investigate the pattern changes in the index of sweat ion concentration at skin surface with increasing sweat during passive heat stress in humans, we measured conductivity of the perfused water with sweat as the index of sweat ion concentration and sweat rate, continuously at the chest skin surface. Eight healthy subjects (22.4 +/-1.0 years) were passively heated by lower-leg immersion in a hot water bath of 42 degrees C for 50 min in an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C and relative humidity of 50%. The internal temperature (Tor) thresholds of sweat rate and index of sweat ion concentration were almost similar. Concomitant onset for the index of sweat ion concentration and sweat rate occurred but two types of linear regression lines were identified in the relationship between the index of sweat ion concentration and sweat rate at a boundary sweat rate value of 0.30 +/- 0.08 mg cm(-2) min(-1). The slope of the regression line at low levels of sweat (slope 0.02 +/- 0.01 V mg(-1) cm(-2) min(-1)) was significantly gradual compared with that at moderate levels of sweat (slope 0.30 +/- 0.08 V mg(-1) cm(-2) min(-1)) (P<0.05). These results suggest that at low levels of sweat the index of sweat ion concentration responds gradually with respect to sweat rate, which may be due to the ion reabsorption capacity of the sweat duct, and then the index of sweat ion concentration increased steeply with sweat rate.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Keratan sulphate levels in mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) is characterized by accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and mucolipidosis (ML) by accumulation of GAGs and sphingolipids. Each type of MPS accumulates specific GAGs. The lysosomal enzymes N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase and beta-galactosidase involve the stepwise degradation of keratan sulphate (KS). Deficiency of these enzymes results in elevation of KS levels in the body fluids and in tissues, leading to MPS IV disease. In this study, we evaluated blood and urine KS levels in types of MPS and ML other than MPS IV. Eighty-five plasma samples came from MPS I (n = 18), MPS II (n = 28), MPS III (n = 20), MPS VI (n = 3), MPS VII (n = 5) and ML (n = 11) patients while 127 urine samples came from MPS I (n = 34), MPS II (n = 34), MPS III (n = 32), MPS VI (n = 7), MPS VII (n = 9) and ML (n = 11) patients. KS levels were determined using the ELISA method. Plasma KS levels varied with age in both control and patient populations. In all age groups, the mean values of plasma KS in MPS and ML patients were significantly higher than those in the age-matched controls. Plasma KS values in four newborn patients were above the mean + 2SD of the age-matched controls (mean, 41 ng/ml). Overall, 85.9% of individual values in non-type IV MPS and ML patients were above the mean + 2SD of the age-matched controls. For urine KS levels, 24.4% of individual values in patients were above the mean + 2SD of the age-matched controls. In conclusion, KS in blood is elevated in each type of non-type IV MPS examined, in contrast to the conventional understanding. This finding suggests that measurement of KS level provides a new diagnostic biomarker in a wide variety of mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses in addition to MPS IV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Transgenic over-expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor renders mice markedly more susceptible to experimental colitis.

Enhanced production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is recognized in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and mice with experimental colitis; however, the precise molecular function of MIF in colitis is not fully understood. To further investigate this matter, we examined the pathological features of MIF transgenic mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We generated transgenic mice carrying a murine MIF cDNA driven by a cytomegalovirus enhancer and a beta-actin/beta-globin promoter. Mice were orally administered 1-4% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. Clinical disease activity, survival and histological features were evaluated. The level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the colon tissue was measured to assess neutrophil infiltration. The level of corticosterone in the serum was measured by enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MIF mRNA and protein were markedly up-regulated in the colon and serum obtained from MIF transgenic mice. The severity of the colitis induced by 1% DSS treatment was markedly higher in MIF transgenic mice than in wild-type mice. We also found that MPO activity was significantly higher in MIF transgenic mice than wild-type mice in response to DSS stimulation. Interestingly, the corticosterone level remained unchanged in MIF transgenic mice. MIF enhances DSS-induced colitis, in part via neutrophil accumulation and inhibition of glucocorticoid bioactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Leaky phenotype of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia in a Japanese family.

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is an inherited immunodeficiency that is caused by a block in early B-cell differentiation. Whereas early B precursors in the bone marrow are present in substantial numbers, XLA-affected individuals have dramatically reduced numbers of circulating mature B cells, plasma cells and immunoglobulins of all isotypes. We report on a Japanese family with 3 XLA patients, in whom the serum immunoglobulin levels and number of B cells showed a significant difference among them in spite of harbouring the same splice donor site mutation in the BTK gene. We developed concise method for detection of this mutation, which is helpful for discovering the carrier. Patient 2 showed a significant serum immunoglobulin levels of all isotypes, including allergen-specific IgE. Expression of a normal and truncated size BTK gene was detected in patient 2's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Expression of BTK protein was also detected in some B cells. These results suggest that the leaky phenotype in patient 2 was caused in part by the expression of a normal BTK gene transcript. The increased frequency of infection with age expanded the number of B cells with normal BTK gene expression and produced the serum immunoglobulin, including IgE.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of T-cell clones specific to ovomucoid from patients with egg-white allergy.

BACKGROUND: Allergic reactions to foods are specific problems for infants and young children. Ovomucoid (OM) is one of the major allergens found in egg-white. We previously established several T-cell clones (TCCs) specific to OM in non-polarizing conditions from 4 patients (TM and YN are immediate-type, IH and YT are non-immediate-type) with egg-white allergy. We characterized their reactive epitopes, antigen-presenting molecules (HLA class II), and usage of TCR alpha and beta genes and the CDR3 loop sequence. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize these seven clones (TM 1.3, TM1.4,YN 1.1, YN1.5, IH3.1, IH3.3 and YT6.1) for cytokine production patterns and cell-surface-marker phenotypes. METHODS: We measured the production of cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by stimulation with ovomucoid peptides and stained intracellular IL-4 and IFN-gamma, and determined cell-surface markers using anti-interleukin-12 receptor (IL-12R) beta1, anti-IL-12Rbeta2 and anti-interleukin-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Ralpha). RESULTS: Most TCCs secreted both IL-4 and IFN-gamma in response to the OM peptide mixture, but the secretion patterns were variable; an IFN-gamma dominant pattern was seen in IH3.1 andYT6.1, an IFN-gamma>IL-4 pattern in TM1.3 and TM1.4, an IL-4> IFN-gamma pattern in YN1.5. In intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4 staining, IFN-gamma single-positive cells were predominant in TM1.3, TM1.4, IH3.1 and YT6.1 and IFN-gamma and IL-4 double-positive cells were predominant in YN1.1, YN1.5 and IH3.3. All TCCs were IL-12Rbeta1-positive, and TM1.3, IH3.1, IH3.3 and YT6.1 were both IL-12Rbeta2- and IL-18Ralpha-positive. TM1.4 and YN1.1 were both IL-12Rbeta2- and IL-18Ralpha-negative. Based on these results, TM1.3 and TM1.4, IH3.1 and YT6.1 had a predominantly Th1 character and YN1.1, YN1.5, and IH3.3 possessed a predominantly Th0 character. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotypes of TCCs were not in accordance with their clinical manifestations. TCCs established from patients with immediate-type hypersensitivity had either the Th1 or Th0 phenotype as well as those with non-immediate-type hypersensitivity.

Egg Hypersensitivity↗
PubMed2004

Sweating responses during activation of the muscle metaboreflex in humans is altered by time of day.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to test for a time-of-day effect on sweating responses to activation of the muscle metaboreflex. METHODS: Eight male subjects each participated in two exercise sessions, one in the morning and one in the evening. Within each session there were two 60-s bouts of isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise at 50% maximal voluntary contraction. Prior to IHG, whole body warming by a water-perfused suit initiated mild sweating. The first bout of IHG exercise began at 06.00 hours (am) and 18.00 hours (pm). Blood circulation to the forearm was occluded for 120 s, beginning 5 s before the end of the second bout of IHG to activate the muscle metaboreflex. RESULTS: During both bouts of exercise, sweating rate (SR) on both the chest and right forearm significantly increased from the pre-exercise period in both am and pm sessions. SR rapidly decreased during first minute of recovery after the first bout of IHG exercise. However, during post-exercise ischaemia (PEI) after the second bout of IHG exercise, SR was maintained significantly above the pre-exercise level only in the pm session. The increases in SR on the chest and right forearm during PEI were significantly greater in the pm, than in the am, session. However, SR of the palm was not maintained during PEI. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that under mild hyperthermic conditions, the sweating response in non-glabrous skin to activation of the muscle metaboreflex exhibits a time-of-day effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Habitat-related mtDNA polymorphism in the stored-bean pest Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

The genetic diversity of populations of the azuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) from natural, pre-harvest and post-harvest sites, was investigated to understand population structure and gene flow. A 522-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI was sequenced for eight populations of C. chinensisfrom Japan, Korea and Taiwan collected from different habitats. Six haplotypes were detected, one of which, U1, occurred most frequently and widely. The following hypotheses were tested as a cause of the wide distribution of haplotype U1; (i) topographical separation (by national boundaries), (ii) host plant species, and (iii) habitat type (natural, pre-harvest crop, or post-harvest storage). Categorization of collection sites by country or by host species did not yield differences in the occurrence of haplotype U1, but habitat type did. Populations utilizing cultivated post-harvest hosts that were mass stored were highly likely to be the common haplotype, whereas host plants in natural habitats away from agriculture were utilized by populations with locally characteristic haplotypes. Sampling of commercial beans for quarantine and export purposes indicated that gene flow in C. chinensis was largely unidirectional into Japan at the present time.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

RNA editing of interleukin-12 receptor beta2, 2451 C-to-U (Ala 604 Val) conversion, associated with atopy.

BACKGROUND: The production of IgE in B lymphocytes is down-regulated by IFN-gamma. IL-12 induces IFN-gamma production by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by binding to its specific receptor. RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification. OBJECTIVE: Here we show that the RNA editing of IL-12 receptor (R) beta2 is associated with atopy. METHODS: Atopic patients and non-atopic healthy controls were studied. Fragments of IL-12R beta2 cDNA and genomic DNA were amplified and sequenced. Furthermore, the function of the IL-12R beta2 chain was investigated. RESULTS: Sequence analysis of the cDNA clones representing IL-12R beta2 mRNA transcripts revealed a C-to-U conversion at nucleotide 2451 (Ala 604 Val) on exon 13 in some atopic patients. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of their genomic DNA showed no 2451 C-to-T (Ala 604 Val) mutation. We concluded that the observed C-to-U mismatch in the cDNA clone is due to a post-transcriptional modification, RNA editing. The C-to-U conversion was observed in 21 (20.6%) of 102 atopic patients, whereas this conversion was observed in only 4 (3.8%) of 104 non-atopic subjects (P<0.001). IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with IL-12 in the subjects with the C-to-U conversion was significantly lower than that in the subjects without the C-to-U conversion. In atopic patients with the C-to-U conversion, PBMCs faintly showed the tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4, and the IgE production by PBMCs was not suppressed by IL-12 whereas it was suppressed by IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS: The RNA editing of IL-12R beta2, 2451 C-to-U (Ala 604 Val) conversion causes impairment of the IL-12 signal cascade and the subsequent reduction in IFN-gamma production, resulting in the impaired down-regulation of IgE production. This is the first report indicating that atopy is associated with RNA editing.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

Molecular analysis of B-cell differentiation in selective or partial IgA deficiency.

Selective IgA deficiency is the most common form of primary immunodeficiency, the molecular basis of which is unknown. To investigate the cause of selective IgA deficiency, we examined what stage of B-cell differentiation was blocked. DNA and RNA were extracted from three Japanese patients with selective IgA deficiency and three with a partial IgA deficiency. In selective IgA deficiency patients, Ialpha germline transcript expression levels decreased and alpha circle transcripts were not detected. Stimulation with PMA and TGF-beta1 up-regulated Ialpha germline and alpha circle transcripts. In some patients, IgA secretion was induced by stimulation with anti-CD40, IL-4 and IL-10. In partial IgA deficiency patients, Ialpha germline, alpha circle transcripts and Calpha mature transcripts were detected in the absence of stimulation. Our findings suggest that the decreased expression level of Ialpha germline transcripts before a class switch might be critical for the pathogenesis of some patients with selective IgA deficiency. However, in patients with a partial IgA deficiency, B-cell differentiation might be disturbed after a class switch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Identification of somatic and germline mosaicism for a keratin 5 mutation in epidermolysis bullosa simplex in a family of which the proband was previously regarded as a sporadic case.

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is an autosomal-dominant inherited blistering skin disease characterized by intraepidermal blistering due to mechanical stress-induced degeneration of basal keratinocytes. EBS is caused by mutations in either keratin 5 or keratin 14, the major keratins expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis. We experienced a unique EBS-affected family. The proband had a heterozygous 1649delG mutation in the keratin 5 gene and had been reported as a case of de novo mutation, because the mutations were not detected in the parents' DNA from blood samples. However, the proband's younger sister was revealed to have the same disease at birth and we found the same mutation in her. We reinvestigated the familial segregation of the 1649delG mutation and it was shown that the mother's DNA from hair bulb and buccal cell samples had the 1649delG mutation heterozygously, but her DNA from blood samples did not. A careful check on the mother's history disclosed that she had migratory circinate pigmentation in her skin in childhood, which means maternal somatic and germline mosaicism. The demonstration of somatic and gonadal mosaicism in the keratin 5 gene is important for accurate genetic counselling of families with sporadic cases of EBS.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Musculoskeletal disorders among hospital nurses in rural Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Although musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent a significant occupational problem for hospital nurses, few investigations target nurses in rural facilities. This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of MSD among nurses within an affiliated hospital conglomerate of rural Japan. METHODS: A self-reporting survey was used as diagnostic tool; the reliability, validity and cost-effectiveness of this method has been established. RESULTS: An initial group of 329 nurses was recruited from three affiliated, rural locations in Yamanashi prefecture, central Japan; 247 usable replies were obtained (final response rate: 75.1%). The 12-month period-prevalence of self-reported MSD at any body site was 91.9% (95% CI 87.8-94.7). Low back pain (LBP) was the most commonly reported MSD with a prevalence of 82.6% (95% CI 77.4-86.8). Next most reported were shoulder (61.1%, 95% CI 54.9-67.0), neck (36.8%, 95% CI 31.1-43.0), upper back (29.1%, 95% CI 23.8-35.1), knee (23.5%, 95% CI 18.6-29.1) and upper leg MSD (19.4%, 95% CI 15.0-24.8). MSD of the wrist (14.2%, 95% CI 10.4-19.1), upper arm (13.0%, 95% CI 9.3 -17.7) and lower arm (11.7% 95% CI 8.3-16.4) were less common. Logistic regression indicated that nurses who were regularly involved in the manual handling of patients had an increased LBP risk of 16.7 (OR 16.7, 95% CI 1.3-412.7, p = 0.0340) when compared with nurses who were not involved in manual handling of patients. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study indicated that MSD is common among rural Japanese nurses and its prevalence is consistent between related facilities. The excessive amount of LBP, however, suggests that Japanese nurses are at higher risk of this condition compared with their foreign counterparts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Autoantibodies to NMDA receptor in patients with chronic forms of epilepsia partialis continua.

BACKGROUND: Antibody-mediated and cytotoxic T cell-mediated pathogenicity have been implicated as the autoimmune pathophysiologic mechanisms in Rasmussen's encephalitis. METHODS: The authors investigated autoantibodies against the NMDA glutamate receptor (GluR) epsilon2 subunit and their epitopes in serum and CSF samples from 15 patients with chronic epilepsia partialis continua (EPC), 17 with West syndrome, 10 with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and 11 control subjects. RESULTS: In 15 patients with chronic EPC, we detected NMDA-type GluR epsilon2 autoantibodies in histologically proven Rasmussen's encephalitis (3/3 patients), clinical Rasmussen's encephalitis (6/7 patients), acute encephalitis/encephalopathy (2/3 patients), and nonprogressive EPC (2/2 patients). Serum IgM autoantibodies were found in the early phase of EPC and became negative later in four patients. The autoantibodies were not detected in West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, or controls. Among 10 patients with histologically proven or clinical Rasmussen's encephalitis, epitope analyses showed that the autoantibodies were predominantly against C-terminal epitopes and rarely against N-terminal epitope, with inconsistency in profile during the courses of disease. Epitope recognition spectrum of autoantibodies was broader in CSF than in serum, and the serum or CSF profile showed an increase in number of epitopes as disease progressed in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of autoantibodies against NMDA GluR epsilon2 suggests autoimmune pathologic mechanisms but is not a hallmark of Rasmussen's encephalitis. Patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis may have autoantibodies against several neural molecules, and these autoantibodies may be produced in the CNS after cytotoxic T cell-mediated neuronal damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Radiation-induced apoptosis in scid mice spleen after low dose irradiation.

To assess the radioadaptive response of the whole body system in mice, we examined the temporal effect of low dose priming as an indicator of challenging irradiation-induced apoptosis through a p53 tumor suppressor protein- mediated signal transduction pathway. The p53 protein also plays an important role both in cell cycle control and DNA repair through cellular signal transduction. Using severe combined immunodeficiency mice defective in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, we examined the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity in radioadaptation induced by low dose irradiation. Specific pathogen free 5-week-old female severe combined immunodeficiency mice and the parental mice (CB- 17 Icr +/+) were irradiated with X-ray at 3.0 Gy at 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks after the conditioning irradiation at 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 or 0.60 Gy. The mice spleens were fixed for immunohistochemistry 12 h after the challenging irradiation. The p53-dependent apoptosis related Bax proteins on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were stained by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. The apoptosis incidence in the sections was measured by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The frequency of Bax- and apoptosis-positive cells increased up to 12 h after the challenging irradiation in the spleen of both mice. However, these cells were not observed after a low dose irradiation at 0.15-0.60 Gy. When pre-irradiation at 0.45 Gy 2 weeks before the challenging irradiation at 3.0 Gy was performed, Bax accumulation and apoptosis induced by challenging irradiation were depressed in the spleens of CB-17 Icr +/+ mice, but not in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These data suggest that DNA-dependent protein kinase might play a major role in radioadaptation induced by pre-irradiation with a low dose in mice spleen. We expect that the present findings will provide useful information in the health care of space crews.

Animals↗