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Biomedical subjects

N P Bechtereva

Publications and source records attributed to N P Bechtereva.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Properties of neuronal activity in cortex and subcortical nuclei of the human brain during single-word processing.

Neuronal impulse activity (NIA) in different cortical areas, subcortical nuclei of the thalamus and striopallidum was recorded via depth electrodes in human patients as they performed a visual word recognition task. The properties of neuronal responsiveness were compared across regions. During single-word processing approximately 75-80% of the responsive cortical neurons were characterized by poststimulus inhibition of firing rate; an increased firing rate (i.e., excitatory response) was observed in about 20-25% of the responsive cortical neurons. Among the subcortical nuclei, mainly in the thalamus and striopallidum, more than 90% of the responsive neurons were characterized by poststimulus excitation; less than 10% exhibited poststimulus inhibition of firing rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of phenytoin on the human neuronal activity and depth event-related potential in emotional task.

Neuronal activity and depth ERP were recorded from cortical areas and subcortical nuclei of three patients with diagnostic and/or therapeutic intracerebral electrodes while they were performing emotional task before and after phenytoin administration. Phenytoin acted as a bioelectrical modulator, in some cases increasing and in some cases decreasing the mean background neuronal firing level. In some few cases the more specific task-related effect of phenytoin was found as an inversion of the inhibitory response into the excitatory one in trials evoking negative emotions.

Brain↗
PubMed1991

Neuronal activity in frontal speech area 44 of the human cerebral cortex during word recognition.

The activity of neurons was recorded from cortical speech area 44 of human patients with diagnostic and/or therapeutical depth electrodes while they were performing word recognition and object naming tasks. Some cells responded selectively to either semantic or phonological aspects of word processing with the same latency, others responded consecutively to both semantic and phonological features. The present finding provides the first demonstration of neuronal mechanisms in frontal language cortex and evidences that both consecutive and parallel processing of these speech signs occur in neuronal activity of this area.

Frontal Lobe↗
PubMed1991

Neural correlate of mental error detection in the human brain cortex.

The use of long-term intracerebral electrodes combined with advances in stereotaxic neurosurgery and a complex multimethodological approach to brain research has made possible a study of the neurophysiological mechanisms of higher mental functions in the course of diagnosis and/or treatment of some chronic cerebral diseases. Investigations in which both local oxygen tension and neuronal impulse activity were recorded while the patients were performing psychological tasks have revealed selective responses in some neuronal populations of the thalamus and of the striopallidal complex, which occur only during erroneous task performance. So-called 'error detector' neurons were also found in the perirolandic and parietotemporal regions of the human brain cortex.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1990

In search of cerebral error detectors.

Multiunit activity was recorded from 124 different subcortical sites in 10 parkinsonian patients bearing gold electrodes for diagnosis and therapy. The patients participated in a visual recognition task in which the stimuli (digits) were presented on a LED-matrix at threshold, the exposure times so chosen that in about half the trials the patient failed to recognize the digit correctly. Peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) for each neuronal population as well as profiles of reactions for all neuronal populations were calculated and statistically analysed, separately for the cases of correct, incorrect, and non-recognition. There are at least 3 groups of neuronal populations, each associated with one temporally separate neurophysiological process involved in the performance of the psychological recognition task. They can be differentiated by the parameters' 'onset' and 'peak' latency. This in itself suggests that they may be related to different psychological processes involved in the task's performance, the earlier components in feature detection and/or evaluation operations concerning the stimulus; the later components, presumably, in processes related to initiation of the actual response. By scanning the individual PSTHs, we found one neuronal population which might be considered an error detector. This population reacted robustly in the early stages of information processing (100-500 ms post-stimulus) only in the case of non-optimal behavior, suggesting that it might somehow be related to signalling an error.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Neurophysiological correlates of verbal activity in patients with speech disorders of traumatic etiology.

The article deals with the neurophysiological correlates of the pathophysiological mechanisms of brain trauma. Mechanisms of damaged function restoration by means of therapeutic electrostimulations (TES) are also under discussion. Localization of the brain zones involved in the maintenance of speech and their expansion, while TES is shown on the basis of functional testing and registration of different indices of bioelectrical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cerebral lateralization for language revealed in neuronal responses of the human brain cortex.

Neuronal impulse activity (NIA) of the cortex and subcortical nuclei in the thalamus and striopallidar complex was studied during performance of the word recognition test in patients with long-term intracerebral electrodes implanted for diagnostics and therapy. In NIA of the left hemisphere cortex, endogenous responses were found to prevail in the interval between expositions of two stimuli, whereas NIA of the right cortex exhibited more responses during perception of stimuli. Asymmetry in neuronal responses of subcortical nuclei in the thalamus and striopallidar complex appeared to differ from that observed in the cerebral cortex.

Brain↗
PubMed1989

Human thalamic and pallidal neuronal responses to visual stimuli in a threshold recognition task.

Multiunit activity was recorded from 80 different subcortical sites in 9 parkinsonian patients bearing gold electrodes for diagnosis and therapy. The patients participated in a visual recognition task in which the stimuli (digits) were presented on a LED matrix at threshold. The exposure times were so chosen that in about half the trials the patient failed to recognize the digit correctly. Peristimulus time histograms for each neuronal population as well as profiles of reactions for the groups of neuronal populations localized in the N. ventro-lateralis thalami and the globus pallidus, respectively, were analysed statistically, contrasting the cases of correct recognition with those of non-recognition. Different types of response, possibly related to different stages of task performance, were separated: an early type with onset latencies ranging from 80 to 160 msec, two middle types with onset latencies ranging from 200 to 300 msec, and a type characterized by slow shifts in the discharge rate beginning 400-600 msec post stimulus. Most of the significant differences in the discharge rate between qualities of recognition were found in the middle-type responses and in the slow shifts, shorter latencies and larger amplitudes accompanying correct recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Psychophysiological micromapping of the human brain.

Neuronal impulse activity (NIA) of cortex and subcortical nuclei of the brain was studied in patients diagnosed and treated with the aid of long-term intracerebral electrodes. A special battery of psychophysiological tests was constructed for study of reflexion of different mental functions in NIA, such as various speech functions, short-term and long-term memory, count and arithmetic operations, emotions. Neuronal populations with the significant responses have been revealed during these testings. First results of psychophysiological mapping of the human brain obtained from NIA data have been presented.

Brain↗
PubMed1987

Some general physiological principles of the human brain functioning.

Implantation of electrodes into the human brain for diagnosis and therapy of different brain disorders enabled the revelation of some general and specific regularities in the brain functioning which, being properly accounted for, may promote further more efficient brain research with both invasive and non-invasive techniques. This is a discussion of three major principles revealed during comprehensive study of the human brain, including stimulation and recording of the broad range of physiological processes both in a relaxed state and when performing a set of psychological tests. (1) The presence of the flexible links in the cerebral systems subserving complex activity; (2) cerebral restrictive and protective mechanisms; (3) the ability of certain brain areas to respond selectively to the erroneous recognition of a given type of activity--error detection.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

Single-trial decomposition: a new approach to the analysis of neuronal reactions during psychological tasks.

Neurophysiological and statistical assumptions underlying conventional procedure of averaging the neuronal responses to sequentially presented stimuli or psychological tasks are critically discussed. A new approach to the analysis of the neuronal evoked reactions is developed based on the decomposition of the single-trial discharge rate patterns into the separate peak-shaped components characterised by the latent periods, amplitudes and durations. It is demonstrated that using only latent period and signs of each component's amplitude is sufficient to detect reliably all the latency intervals where the conventional peristimulus-time histograms reveal significant deviations of the neuronal discharge rate from the mean background level. The approach suggested enables the analysis of the real physiological events within the single trials, obscured by the conventional averaging into the peristimulus-time histogram curve.

Evoked Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Clinical and physiological basis for a new method underlying rehabilitation of the damaged visual nerve function by direct electric stimulation.

A new method of rehabilitation of damaged visual nerves has been tested during clinical physiological investigations in 45 patients with pathological opticochiasmal brain tumor, inflammation and trauma. The essence of the new method was in implanting the electrode into the nerve when the patient was operated on for the pathological formation and in directly stimulating the nerves for 2 or 3 postoperational weeks. Effectiveness of electrical stimulation was increased by direct recording of the electroneurogram as well as by the results of ophthalmological observations. Considerable improvement of vision was observed in 75%, and in 25% of these cases the vision was found to actually normalize. Even in cases of total blindness, vision was partially rehabilitated in 8 of 10 cases. Direct electrophysiological investigation of the visual nerve potentials enabled us to objectively estimate their functional state, predict the probability of visual rehabilitation as well as increase the efficiency of therapy. Neurophysiological mechanisms of visual rehabilitation under the influence of electrical stimulation of the visual nerves are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Neurophysiological correlates of visual stimulus recognition in man.

This study investigated the components of evoked impulse activity of neurons and neuronal populations (NIA) in the human brain. Subjects were 5 parkinsonian patients, two patients with skull trauma and an epileptic, diagnosed and treated with implanted electrodes. NIA was recorded during the following psychological tests: (1) identification of letters and digits presented at near-threshold exposures; (2) recognition of polygonal shapes with and without semantic meaning. Peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) for the cases of recognition and non-recognition in the first test and for cases of presentation of familiar and unfamiliar patterns in the second test were computed and compared with each other. PSTH components in the stimulus-response interval were classified into 3 groups: the earliest components with the latency 60-200 ms; the late components with latency 300-400 ms; and slow count rate shifts revealed 300-500 ms after stimulus presentation. No significant differences were found between the short-latency components for cases of recognition and non-recognition in the first test and for cases of presentation of familiar and unfamiliar patterns in the second test, while late components depended upon subjective estimation by the patient of the stimulus. Early components are supposed to be related to physical characteristics of the stimulus, while the late components with semantic meaning.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Dynamic neurophysiological correlates of mental processes.

The study of neurophysiological correlates of states and activity has revealed different mechanisms of the brain. Infraslow physiological processes (ISPP) as well as impulse activity of neurons and neuronal populations (NIA) were recorded during the performance of psychological and other trials by the subject. Subjects were neurological patients diagnosed and treated with implanted electrodes. We found correlates of mental activity to be reproducible (stable) in some brain areas and variable in others, which confirmed our concept that mental activity is maintained by cortical-subcortical functional system with links of different degrees of rigidity. One of the ISPP types, omega-potential, was shown to reflect quantitatively the state of the brain areas. We have described NIA rearrangements accompanying mental operations and revealed the complimentary character of various NIA rearrangements. Extremely promising in the investigation of neurophysiological correlates of mental processes, is the study of the relationship of local and distributed rearrangements in various neurophysiological processes, as well as combination of averaging with the study of correlates of single mental acts. Stability, combined with the dynamic character of rearrangements of physiological processes in the brain, seems to be its fundamental property responsible for informational capacity of the brain and adaptational ability of the organism.

Action Potentials↗