Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: the joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
N Tabachnik
Publications and source records attributed to N Tabachnik.
Depression, social comparison, and the false-consensus effect.
In general, people perceive high consensus for their own attributes (i.e., the false-consensus effect). Depressed and nondepressed college students were asked about the extent to which depression-relevant and depression-irrelevant attributes were true of themselves and true of the "average college student." Subjects were also asked questions assessing the accuracy of their perceptions of others. Depressed subjects showed less false consensus than nondepressed subjects. Although depressives characterized themselves as dissimilar to others, they showed no consistent bias to depreciate themselves relative to others. Nondepressives, on the other hand, consistently enhanced themselves relative to others, although the magnitude of their self-other differences was smaller than that of depressives. Interestingly, the tendency to depreciate themselves relative to others on negative depression-relevant items was a better predictor of severity of depression than self-perceptions or other perceptions alone. Findings regarding the accuracy of perceptions of others were mixed. The study is discussed in terms of its implications for the false-consensus effect, depressive attributional style, nondepressive self-serving biases, and therapy for depression.
Depression↗
Separation of younger red cells with improved survival in vivo: an approach to chronic transfusion therapy.
Transfusion of donor blood containing predominantly younger red cells with prolonged survival in vivo could significantly reduce the iron overload of patients requiring chronic transfusion. Age-dependent separation of red cells can be obtained by buoyant density centrifugation on isotonic solutions of arabino-galactane. By this technique, rabbit red cells were separated on a single layer of arabino-galactane and the appropriate fraction, after being labeled with (51)Cr, was reinfused into the donor. The survival in vivo was calculated by a mathematical model which corrects for both (51)Cr elution and random loss. There was a significant difference in survival in vivo between the light young red cells and the heavy old red cells. The potential survival in vivo of the 50% lightest red cells was 56 days, compared to 28 days for the heaviest red cells. Arabino-galactane appeared to be devoid of acute toxicity and of strong antigenicity and it did not appear to adhere to the red cell stroma. These data extrapolated to humans indicate that it may be feasible and advantageous to use red cells fractionated by this technique for transfusion. The 50% lightest human red cells can be expected to have a mean survival of 88 days, compared with 60 days for unfractionated blood. Transfusion of young red cells could significantly reduce the iron overload for patients requiring chronic transfusion, by avoiding infusion of the oldest red cells, which contribute equally to iron overload yet offer only transient survival in vivo.
Animals↗