Biomedical subjects

Nándor Acs

Publications and source records attributed to Nándor Acs.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2007

A population-based case-control teratologic study of oral dipyrone treatment during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible human teratogenic effect of oral dipyrone, an antipyretic and analgesic drug treatment during pregnancy. DESIGN AND SETTING: The analysis of cases with different congenital abnormalities and their matched population controls without congenital abnormalities, in addition to a comparison between cases and malformation controls (Down's syndrome) in the population-based, large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: 22 843 neonates or fetuses with congenital abnormalities (cases), 38 151 matched newborns without congenital abnormalities (population controls) and 834 neonates or fetuses with Down's syndrome (malformation controls). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 25 congenital abnormality groups. RESULTS: 1382 (6%) cases, 1911 (5%) population controls and 74 (8.9%) malformation controls were born to mothers treated with dipyrone during pregnancy. The case-matched population control analysis showed a higher rate of diaphragmatic defect (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [POR] 2.7; 95% CI 1.0, 6.8), cardiovascular malformations (POR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0, 1.7) and other isolated congenital abnormalities (POR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1, 2.9) after oral dipyrone treatment during the second and third months of gestation, i.e. in the critical period for most major congenital abnormalities. However, the evaluation of only medically recorded dipyrone use did not confirm these possible associations. The comparison of dipyrone treatment between 25 congenital abnormalities groups and malformation controls as the referent group also did not show any difference in the dipyrone use during the second and third months of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: The higher occurrence of dipyrone treatment in the case mothers compared with population control mothers can be explained by recall bias and/or chance. However, the higher rate of diaphragmatic congenital abnormalities can be considered as a signal and merits further investigation.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2006

Pregnancy complications and delivery outcomes in pregnant women with severe migraine.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the possible association among maternal migraine during pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and the delivery outcomes: sex ratio, gestational age/birth weight and preterm birth/low birth weight. STUDY DESIGN: The population-based large data set of newborn infants without any defects of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996 was analyzed. RESULTS: Out of 38,151 newborn infants, 713 (1.9%) had mothers who had severe migraine during pregnancy; 68% were medically recorded. Pregnant women with severe migraine had a higher prevalence of preeclampsia and severe nausea/vomiting, but a lower occurrence of threatened abortion and preterm delivery. However, mean gestational age and birth weight, as well as the proportion of low birth weight and preterm births, were similar in newborn infants born to mothers with or without migraine. CONCLUSION: Severe maternal migraine and its related drug treatment may increase the occurrence of preeclampsia and severe nausea/vomiting during pregnancy, but is not associated with unfavorable delivery outcomes.

Birth Certificates↗

PubMed2006

Inverse association between severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and some congenital abnormalities.

The objective of the study was to investigate the possible association between nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy and congenital abnormalities. The prevalence of medically-recorded severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy in cases with congenital abnormalities and their available matched population controls without any defect was compared in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of congenital abnormalities, 1980-1996. Of 22,843 cases with as 25 different congenital abnormality groups, 1,713 (7.5%) cases had mothers with medically recorded and treated severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Of 38,151 matched population controls, 3,777 (9.9%) had mothers with severe nausea and vomiting (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR) with 95% CI: 0.74, 0.68-0.79). Five congenital abnormality groups: cleft lip with or without cleft palate (0.50, 0.37-0.70), posterior cleft palate (0.53, 0.32-0.89), renal a/dysgenesis (0.23, 0.06-0.96), obstructive defects of urinary tract (0.32, 0.18-0.58), and cardiovascular malformations (0.68, 0.57-0.81) had mothers with a lower prevalence of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (adjusted PORs with 95% CI included in parentheses). Of 25 congenital abnormality groups, 22 had POR lower than 1. Thus in this study the mothers of cases with congenital abnormalities were 26% less likely to have had severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy than the mothers of population controls without congenital abnormalities.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Maternal panic disorder and congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal panic disorder in pregnancy is the most common manifestation of anxiety disorders in Hungary. The association between panic disorder during pregnancy and structural birth defects, i.e., congenital abnormalities, was studied. METHODS: The prevalence of maternal panic disorder in cases with different congenital abnormalities was compared to that of matched controls in the population-based Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. RESULTS: Of 22,843 cases with congenital abnormalities, 210 (0.9%) had mothers with panic disorder during pregnancy compared to 187 (0.5%) of 38,151 controls (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [POR] 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.0). Specific groups of congenital abnormalities were also assessed versus controls. Cases with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) (adjusted POR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-9.0) and multiple congenital abnormalities (adjusted POR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-7.2) were more likely to have had mothers with panic disorder during the study pregnancy. Notably, among mothers with panic disorders, the associations were found only in offspring of untreated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: A higher rate of isolated CL/P and multiple congenital abnormalities may be caused by the direct biological effect of panic disorder or by the interaction of maternal panic disorder and lifestyle factors. Antipanic drug treatment seems to have a protective effect for isolated CL/P and multiple congenital abnormalities. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2006

Maternal severe migraine and risk of congenital limb deficiencies.

BACKGROUND: Migraines occurs frequently during pregnancy; however, there are no published data on their possible teratogenic potential in a controlled epidemiological study. Therefore, we examined the risk of congenital abnormalities in infants born to women who had migraines and other headaches during pregnancy. METHODS: Between 1980 and 1996, the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities evaluated 22,843 cases (newborns or fetuses) with congenital abnormalities, 38,151 control newborn infants without any abnormalities, and 834 malformed controls with Down syndrome. RESULTS: Migraines anytime during pregnancy occurred in 565 (2.5%) mothers of the case group compared with 713 (1.9%) mothers in the control group (crude prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.5) and 24 (2.9%) pregnant women in the malformed control group (crude POR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.6-1.3) The mothers of 247 cases, 533 controls, and 21 malformed controls had severe migraines during the second and/or third months of pregnancy. There was only 1 congenital abnormality group: limb deficiencies, which had a higher rate of maternal migraines during the second and third months of pregnancy both at the comparison of cases and matched controls (adjusted POR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.8) and of cases and malformed controls (adjusted POR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0). There was no association between other headaches and different congenital abnormalities at the comparison of cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that maternal severe migraines during the second and/or third months of pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of congenital limb deficiencies. A similar association was not detected between congenital anomalies and other headaches during pregnancy. Our study was not based on a prior hypothesis; therefore, these data can be considered only as a signal that needs confirmation by independent data sets.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Population-based case-control study of the common cold during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities.

The common cold is the most frequent maternal disease during pregnancy. The possible association between different congenital abnormalities and the common cold in pregnant women was evaluated in the data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996. Of 22,843 cases with congenital abnormalities, 3,827 (16.8%) had mothers with the common cold, while of 38,151 population controls without congenital abnormalities, 5,475 (14.4%) (adjusted prevalence odds ratio: POR: 1.26 with 95% CI: 1.20-1.32). Of 834 malformed controls with Down syndrome, 114 (17.3%) had mothers with the common cold (POR: 0.96 with 95% CI: 0.80-1.16). Nearly half of mothers with the common cold had secondary complications with antifever therapy. The comparison of cases with 25 congenital abnormalities and population control mothers with medically recorded common cold during the second and third months of gestation showed that five congenital abnormality groups: congenital hydrocephaly (3.6, 1.3-9.7), cleft lip+/-palate (2.3, 1.5-3.6), posterior cleft palate (2.3, 1.2-4.1), limb deficiencies (2.2, 1.1-4.1) and multiple CAs (2.0, 1.4-2.9) had adjusted POR 2 or more. The comparison of cases with different congenital abnormalities and malformed controls (including offspring with Down syndrome) as referent, indicated a higher prevalence of the common cold during the second and third month of gestation only in the mothers of cases with cleft lip+/-palate (adjusted POR: 1.7 with 95% CI: 1.2-2.5), however, congenital hydrocephaly, neural-tube defects and multiple CAs had also mothers with a somewhat higher occurrence of the common cold. The possible association between the common cold during early pregnancy and the above mentioned congenital abnormalities may be connected mainly with the indirect effect of secondary complications of maternal common cold, particularly high fever because antifever drugs were able to prevent the possible teratogenic effect of the common cold.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗

PubMed2006

Pregnancy complications and delivery outcomes of pregnant women with influenza.

OBJECTIVES: In a previous study, we showed that maternal influenza in pregnancy gives rise to an increase in some congenital abnormality groups. The aim of this study was to ascertain the relationship between influenza during pregnancy and pregnancy complications, and in addition, delivery outcomes particularly preterm birth and low birth weight in newborns. METHODS: The population-based large control (without any defects) data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities, in which pregnancy complications, gestational age and birth weight are medically recorded, was evaluated. RESULTS: Of 38,151 newborn infants, 1838 (4.8%) had mothers with influenza during pregnancy. The prevalence of pregnancy complications showed no difference between mothers with or without influenza during the study pregnancy. Mothers with influenza in pregnancy had a somewhat higher gestational age (0.1 week) and a lower proportion of preterm births (8.0% vs. 9.2%). These findings were reflected in the mean birth weight (+37 g) and lower proportion of low birth weight newborns (4.7% vs. 5.1%); these differences were explained by confounders. CONCLUSION: Maternal influenza during pregnancy does not increase the prevalence of pregnancy complications and unsuccessful delivery outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Possible association between maternal recurrent orofacial herpes in pregnancy and a lower rate of preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible association between orofacial herpes during pregnancy and pregnancy complications including preterm birth and low birth weight, since the results of previous studies are inconsistent. METHOD: The population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities was used; pregnancies in mothers with and without recurrent orofacial herpes were compared. RESULTS. Of 38,151 newborn infants, 572 (1.5%) had mothers with recurrent orofacial herpes during pregnancy, while 37 577 had mothers with no orofacial herpes. Pregnant women with recurrent orofacial herpes had a higher prevalence of severe nausea and vomiting, threatened preterm delivery, and placental disorders but a lower prevalence of preeclampsia. Mothers with recurrent orofacial herpes during pregnancy also had a somewhat longer (0.4 weeks) gestation (adjusted t = 2.7; p = 0.006) and an obviously lower proportion of preterm births (3.5% vs. 9.3%; adjusted POR with 95% CI = 0.42, 0.27-0.65). However, there was no significant difference in the mean birth weight and rate of low birth weight infants between the two study groups. CONCLUSION: Recurrent orofacial herpes during pregnancy is associated with a smaller proportion of preterm births.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Acute respiratory infections during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control study.

Diseases of respiratory system caused by acute infections are among the most common maternal diseases during pregnancy. The objective of the study was to estimate the association between congenital abnormalities and acute respiratory infections during the first trimester of pregnancy. The data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities including 22 843 cases with congenital abnormalities, 38 151 population controls without congenital abnormalities and 834 malformed controls with Down syndrome between 1980 and 1996 was evaluated. 2118 cases with congenital abnormalities (9.3%), 3455 population controls (9.1%) and 92 malformed controls with Down syndrome (11.0%) had mothers with acute respiratory infections. Of 25 different congenital abnormality groups, esophageal atresia/stenosis showed a high adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for acute respiratory infections during the first trimester of pregnancy in case mothers compared with population controls (3.6, 1.4-9.1) and malformed controls (1.9, 1.0-3.5), respectively. In addition there was an association between medically recorded acute respiratory infections during the first trimester of pregnancy and a higher risk for some other congenital abnormalities, such as posterior cleft palate and multiple congenital abnormalities. In conclusion a possible association between some congenital abnormalities, particularly esophageal atresia/stenosis and maternal acute respiratory infections cannot be excluded due to the interactions of the microbial agents, related drug treatments and last but not least the indirect effect of maternal diseases, such as fever-hyperthermia, hypoxia and dietary deficiency. However, periconceptional multivitamin/folic acid supplementation during the early pregnancy was able to reduce the acute respiratory infection related risk for congenital abnormalities.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2006

Pregnancy complications and delivery outcomes of pregnant women with common cold.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between common cold during pregnancy and pregnancy complications and delivery outcomes: gestational age/birth weight, in addition preterm birth and low birthweight. METHOD: In the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities (HCCSCA), 1980-1996, controls without congenital abnormalities were analysed. RESULTS: Of 38,151 newborn infants, 5,475 (14.4%) had mothers with common cold. The prevalence of threatened preterm delivery, placental disorders and severe nausea and vomiting was lower while the occurrence of anemia was higher in pregnant mothers with common cold than in mothers without common cold. Mothers with common cold in pregnancy had 0.1 week shorter gestational age, thus the proportion of preterm births (9.8% vs 9.1%) was somewhat larger. However, mean birth weight was somewhat larger (3,305 vs 3,271 g) and the proportion of low birthweight newborns (4.2% vs 5.9%) was smaller. CONCLUSION: Common cold during pregnancy does not increase the occurrence of pregnancy complications except anemia, while delivery outcomes showed minor but opposite (higher rate of preterm birth and lower rate of low birthweight) changes.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Association between maternal panic disorders and pregnancy complications and delivery outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to evaluate the possible association between panic disorders during pregnancy and pregnancy complications, as well as birth outcomes: gestational age and birth weight, as well as preterm birth/low birthweight in newborns. METHODOLOGY: Comparison of newborn infants (without any defects) born to mothers with or without panic disorder in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Main outcome measures were medically recorded pregnancy complications, as well as gestational age and birth weight, proportion of preterm birth and low birthweight. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of 38,151 controls, 187 (0.5%) had mothers with panic disorders during pregnancy. Among pregnancy complications, anemia and polyhydramnion showed a higher prevalence in women with panic disorder. There was a higher proportion of males among newborn infants born to mothers with panic diseases compared to newborn infants of mothers without panic disorders. Pregnant women with panic disorders had a shorter (0.4 week) gestational age (adjusted t = 2.3; p = 0.02) and a larger proportion of preterm births (17.1% versus 9.1%) (adjusted POR with 95% CI = 1.9, 1.3-2.8). However, there was no significant difference in the mean birth weight and rate of low birthweight between the two study groups. CONCLUSION: Panic disorders during pregnancy were associated with anemia, a shorter gestational age and a larger proportion of preterm birth. Further studies are needed to confirm and explain or disprove the male excess among newborn infants born to mothers with panic disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Maternal influenza during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities in offspring.

BACKGROUND: The teratogenic effect of influenza viruses is currently being debated, and we examined the large population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (HCCSCA) to study the possible association between maternal influenza and various congenital abnormalities (CAs). METHODS: The 1980-1996 HCCSCA includes 22,843 newborns or fetuses with CAs, and 38,151 matched controls (newborn infants without any abnormalities). RESULTS: In the case group, 1328 (5.8%) mothers had influenza at some time during their pregnancies compared to 1838 (4.8%) mothers in the control group (adjusted prevalence odds ratios [PORs], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.4). In the calculation of the adjusted PORs, the use of antifever drugs and maternal employment status were considered. When cases and their matched controls were compared, there was a higher prevalence of maternal influenza during the second and/or third month of pregnancy for the group of newborns with cleft lip +/- palate (adjusted POR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0-5.3), neural-tube defects (adjusted POR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3), and cardiovascular malformations (adjusted POR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3). However, a direct teratogenic effect from influenza viruses appears to be unlikely, and we suggest that the higher prevalence of the CAs indicated above can be explained mainly by fever, because this risk was reduced by the use of antifever drugs. Periconceptional folic acid supplementation also showed some preventive effect for these CAs. CONCLUSIONS: The indirect teratogenic effect of maternal influenza during pregnancy may be restricted by appropriate medical treatment (e.g., antifever drugs) and periconceptional folic acid supplementation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Association between bronchial asthma in pregnancy and shorter gestational age in a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between bronchial asthma during pregnancy and gestational age/birth weight, and also preterm birth and low birth weight. METHOD: In the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996, controls without congenital abnormalities were analysed. RESULTS: Of 38,151 newborn infants, 757 (2.0%) had mothers with bronchial asthma during pregnancy, 88% were medically recorded prospectively. Mothers with bronchial asthma in pregnancy had 0.6 week shorter gestational age and a higher proportion of preterm births (14.1% vs. 9.1%). These findings were reflected with a lower mean birth weight (3,102 vs. 3,279 gram) and higher proportion of low birth weight newborns (9.0% vs. 5.6%). CONCLUSION: The old fashioned anti-asthmatic drugs were not able to prevent the bronchial asthma-related preterm birth, thus there is an urgent need to use modern inhaled therapies.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Population-based case-control study of mebendazole in pregnant women for birth outcomes.

The objectives of the study was to check the embryotoxic-teratogenic and fetotoxic effect of mebendazole (Vermox; Richter, Budapest, Hungary) treatment during pregnancy. Mebendazole use during pregnancy was evaluated in mothers of babies born with congenital abnormalities and in matched control mothers of babies born without congenital abnormalities in the population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996. Of 22,843 women who had newborns or fetuses with congenital abnormalities, 14 were found to have been treated with mebendazole for intestinal nematoda infections/diseases during pregnancy (crude POR: 1.8 with 95% CI: 0.7-4.2). Of 38,151 women who had newborns without any defects (controls), the same number (14) were found to have been treated with mebendazole during pregnancy. Six different congenital abnormality groups were evaluated and a higher prevalence of mebendazole use in these mothers throughout pregnancy was not found. Gestational age and birth weight were analyzed in control infants born to mothers with or without mebendazole treatment. The mean gestational age was somewhat longer and mean birth weight was larger in newborn infants born to mothers with mebendazole treatment. Thus, treatment with mebendazole during pregnancy did not indicate a teratogenic and fetotoxic risk to the embryo or fetus, though the numbers of treated cases and controls in this study were limited.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2004

Simultaneous bilateral occurrence of a mixed mesodermal tumor and cystadenocarcinoma in the ovary.

The mixed mesodermal tumor is a very uncommon malignancy. The aggressiveness of this lesion is illustrated by extremely poor prospects for afflicted patients: postoperative survival is usually shorter than 24 months. According to the literature, malignant mixed tumor of the ovary is rather rare and its occurrence with other malignancy is exceptional. We report here a case of a 62-years old woman with serous cystadenocarcinoma in the right ovary and a heterologous malignant mixed mesodermal tumor in the left one. Both tumors expressed cytokeratins, while only the mesodermal tumor expressed S-100 and focal NSE.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2004

[Unilateral Sertoli-cell androblastoma in the ovary of a young woman].

The authors present a case of a Sertoli-cell type androblastoma of the ovary. The tumor is mainly seen in young women and is mostly discovered through hormonal dysfunctions linked to it. Histopathological evaluation is indispensable for an exact diagnosis. Because of its rarity, there is little experience with the tumor and the histological identification is also sometimes very challenging. The tumor is occasionally associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, tumor of the thyroid, or goiter. Biologically it follows a low-malignant course with a fair prognosis, long-term complex patient follow up is necessary after unilateral oophorectomy of the diseased organ.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Estrogen replacement therapy reverses changes in intramural coronary resistance arteries caused by female sex hormone depletion.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that female sex hormone depletion and estradiol replacement therapy significantly influences the biomechanical properties of intramural coronary resistance arteries. DESIGN: Female rats (n=30) were divided into three groups. In group O, rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy. Group HRT was subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and estradiol replacement therapy. Rats in group C served as controls. One month after ovariectomy, intramural coronary arteries (approximately 200 microm in diameter) branching from the left anterior descending coronary were isolated, cannulated and studied by microarteriography. Intraluminal pressure was increased in steps between 0 and 90 mm Hg. The steady state diameter at each step was measured. These measurements were repeated in the presence of U46619, a thromboxane (TX) A2 receptor agonist (at a concentration of 10(-6) M), and bradykinin (BK; at 10(-6) M). Finally, Ca2+-free Krebs-induced passive diameter (PD) was measured in each group. RESULTS: Ovariectomy increased spontaneous myogenic tone of coronary arteries (p<0.05), which was normalized by estrogen replacement. Ovariectomy decreased distensibility observed at low pressure, although passive diameter was not changed. Estrogen replacement decreased wall stress and elastic modulus (p<0.05). The thromboxane A2 agonist induced the largest contraction in the ovariectomized group, whereas bradykinin-induced relaxation was the largest in the estrogen replacement group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Estradiol hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may exert a beneficial effect on myocardial perfusion in menopause by opposing the deterioration of biomechanical properties of intramural coronary resistance vessels induced by female sex hormone depletion.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Oral pyridoxine during pregnancy : potential protective effect for cardiovascular malformations.

OBJECTIVE: To study the human risk and benefit of oral pyridoxine (vitamin B6) treatment during pregnancy. DESIGN AND SETTING: The analysis of cases with 25 congenital abnormality (CA) groups and their all-matched controls without CAs in the population-based dataset of the large Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: 22,843 cases of pregnant women who had newborns or fetuses with CAs and 38,151 pregnant women who had newborn infants without any CAs (control group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of pyridoxine use in early pregnancy among mothers of cases with different CAs and control mothers with infants without any CA. RESULTS: 2013 (8.8%) case mothers and 4086 (10.7%) control mothers were treated with pyridoxine (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [POR] 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7, 0.9). The analysis of cases with different defects and their all-matched controls did not indicate any obvious teratogenic potential of pyridoxine use during the second and third months of gestation, i.e. in the critical period for the development of most major CAs. However, some protective effect was found for cardiovascular malformations (adjusted POR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7, 0.9). CONCLUSION: Treatment with pyridoxine during pregnancy does not indicate a teratogenic risk to the fetus, but may provide some protective effect for cardiovascular malformations.

Adult↗