Commentary: Snow on rickets.
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Alum Compounds↗
Biomedical subjects
Nigel Paneth
Publications and source records attributed to Nigel Paneth.
School-age outcomes in children who were extremely low birth weight from four international population-based cohorts.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether learning and school problems in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and reference children differ between cohorts in different countries. METHODS: Participants were 4 international population-based cohorts of ELBW survivors who were 500 to 1000 g birth weight from New Jersey, central-west Ontario, Bavaria, and Holland (n = 532) and were followed longitudinally from birth. Psychometric data were collected independently and prospectively and included at least 1 measure of cognitive status and 1 measure of achievement administered to the children between the ages of 8 and 11 years. Adjustments were made for comparison of all measures based on reference norms within each country. Information on special educational assistance and grade repetition was obtained from the parents. RESULTS: The overall follow-up rate was 84% (range: 74%-90%; n = 436). The proportion of children who performed within the normal range (> or =85) were as follows: IQ between 44% and 62%; reading between 46% and 81%; arithmetic between 31% and 76%; and spelling between 39% and 65%. Children from New Jersey had the lowest rates of cognitive and achievement deficits, and Bavarian children did less well in achievement scores relative to their peers and other cohorts. Despite these differences, more than half of all cohorts required special educational assistance and/or repeated a grade. CONCLUSIONS: School difficulties were found to be a serious sequelae of ELBW in all 4 countries, an observation that has social and economic implications.
Child↗
Origins and early development of the case-control study: Part 1, Early evolution.
This paper traces the origins and early development of the case-control study, focusing on its evolution in the 19th and early 20th century. As with other forms of clinical investigation, the case-control study emerged from practices that originally belonged to the realm of patient care. This form of disease investigation can be viewed as the knitting together of medical concepts (caseness, disease etiology, and a focus on the individual)--and medical procedures (anamnesis, grouping of cases into series; and comparisons of the diseased and the healthy)--that are of ancient origin, but which were seldom brought together until the 20th century. The analytic form of the case-control study can be found in 19th century medical literature, but did not appear to be viewed as a special or distinct methodology. A number of clinical investigations, and several sociological studies, in the first half of this century can be described as case-control studies, the most fully developed of which was Janet Lane-Claypon's 1926 study of breast cancer.
Case-Control Studies↗
Origins and early development of the case-control study: Part 2, The case-control study from Lane-Claypon to 1950.
The first modern case-control study was Janet Lane-Claypon's study of breast cancer in 1926, but the design was used only sporadically in medicine and the social sciences until 1950, when four published case-control studies linked smoking and lung cancer. These 1950 studies synthesized the essential elements of the case-control comparison, produced a conceptual shift within epidemiology, and laid the foundation for the rapid development of the case-control design in the subsequent half century.
Adult↗
Risk of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in very-low-birth-weight infants conceived with assisted reproductive techniques.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risks of cranial ultrasound abnormalities among very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants conceived with fertility therapy (ovulation induction only or with assisted reproductive techniques [ART]) and of multiple gestation pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: The incidences of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in 1473 VLBW infants conceived with and without fertility therapy and born of multiple versus singleton pregnancies were compared, using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Infants conceived with ART were less likely to have intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Twins and triplets had risks of cranial ultrasound abnormalities similar to those of singletons. Twins and triplets conceived with ART were at lower risk of IVH. CONCLUSION: VLBW infants conceived with ART do not appear to be at increased risk of cranial ultrasound abnormalities. Likewise, twins and triplets were not at increased risk of these abnormalities.
Brain Damage, Chronic↗
Treatment of transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity: a survey of neonatal practice.
We mailed a survey on treatment practices for transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP) to 100 randomly selected neonatologists. In the year before the survey, 13 of 62 respondents (21.0%) had treated an average of 4.5 THOP patients with thyroid hormone, and 3 had treated 10 or more patients. Randomized trials assessing the value of thyroid supplementation in THOP are urgently needed.
Health Care Surveys↗