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Biomedical subjects

Nils Grude

Publications and source records attributed to Nils Grude.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Increasing antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections].

BACKGROUND: There is increasing focus on the development of bacterial antibiotic resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of urine samples from patients resident in a Norwegian county, comparing 9121 samples culture-positive in 2003-04 with 28 066 samples in 1997-99. Determination of resistance was done with the MAST automatic multipoint inoculator system. RESULTS: Escherichia coli was found in 68% and 56% of out-patient and in-patient isolates respectively. Significant declines in mecillinam sensitivity (from 96% to 94%), nitrofurantoin sensitivity (from 97% to 95%) and sulfonamide sensitivity (from 73% to 71%) in in-patient E. coli isolates were found. In out-patients we found significant reductions in sensitivity to ampicillin (from 78% to 76%) and trimethoprim (from 83% to 82%). For urinary tract infection isolates as a whole, the greatest sensitivity was observed for nitrofurantoin: 85% in in-patient isolates and 75% in out-patient isolates, but there was a significant decline in resistance to several antibiotics. INTERPRETATION: Increasing antibiotic resistance may be related to increasing antibiotic use. Mecillinam and nitrofurantoin may be considered first-choice preparations as E. coli is the dominant etiological agent and shows the greatest sensitivity to these two antibiotics.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗
PubMed2005

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Bacterial findings and efficacy of empirical antibacterial treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess bacterial aetiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and efficacy of empirical treatment in uncomplicated urinary tract infections and to evaluate the dipstick as a diagnostic tool. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Clinical microbiology laboratory and 17 general practice clinics in Telemark County, Norway. SUBJECTS: A total of 184 female patients between 15 and 65 years of age with symptoms of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results from dipstick testing (leucocyte esterase and nitrite), bacterial culture, susceptibility patterns and efficacy of empirical antibacterial therapy on symptoms. RESULTS: Significant bacteruria was detected in 140 (76%) of the 184 urines. The leukocyte esterase test was of little help in predicting culture-positive UTI. A positive nitrite test accurately predicted culture-positivity, while a negative result was ambiguous. The most common bacterium, E. coli, was found in 112 (80%) of the 140 positive urines and was predominantly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%), mecillinam (94%), nitrofurantoin (97%), trimethoprim (88%), and sulphonamide (81%), and to a lesser extent to ampicillin (72%). In 18 patients the causative bacterium was resistant to the therapeutic agent used; 7 of these returned to their GP with persisting symptoms while in 11 symptoms resolved without further treatment. CONCLUSION: The study confirms E. coli as the predominant cause of uncomplicated UTI. Since in the majority of cases the bacterium found was susceptible to the locally preferred antimicrobials and the patients' symptoms were cured, empiric therapy is found to be an effective practice in the study area and, by inference, in others with similar antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Outbreak of campylobacteriosis among soccer players].

BACKGROUND: Last year Rosenborg Ballklub won the Norwegian Premier League Championship in a nerve-racking match against Lillestrøm Sportsklubb. Lillestrøm ended the season in 2nd place. The results may possibly have been caused by the cancellation of a match scheduled between Lillestrøm and Odd Grenland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article describes the problem and consequences that can occur when 14 players on a Premier League team contract diarrhoea and present with vomiting either before or during a football match. RESULTS: With Campylobacter infection jejuni amply documented, the Norwegian Football Union found it necessary to cancel the match between the two Premier League teams, a decision that led to heated discussion in the media. A common opinion was that an intestinal infection, even one that affected so many players, was insufficient reason to cancel a match. INTERPRETATION: It is always difficult to foresee the consequences of continued physical activity by those infected with intestinal bacteria. It is difficult to know at what point the footballer's health may be a risk either during or after infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Calicivirus and acute gastroenteritis].

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of calicivirus gastroenteritis are common during the winter season, especially among elderly residents in institutions. The outbreaks are often difficult to control in institutions and may occasionally result in closure of wards. Reliable diagnostic methods are therefore important. We have studied the prevalence of calicivirus in samples sent to our laboratory for calicivirus detection during the winter season 2001 to 2002. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The presence of calicivirus was studied by nested RT-PCR. A total of 117 faecal samples obtained from patients with suspected calicivirus gastroenteritis were examined. RESULTS: Sixteen outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were observed during the study period. While calicivirus was confirmed in nine of the outbreaks, the virus was detected in only 25 of the 117 faecal samples analyzed (21%). An increased detection rate was observed when faecal samples were collected during the first two days after onset of symptoms. INTERPRETATION: Appropriate surveillance systems are required in order to control calicivirus gastroenteritis in institutions. Microbiological laboratories should be aware of the importance of collecting specimens during the acute phase (i.e., within 48-72 hours after onset) of illness.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

[Aerococcus urinae and urinary tract infection].

BACKGROUND: Bacteriological investigation of urine often shows the presence of alpha-haemolytic streptococci, but the clinical significance of this finding may be unclear. Among the alpha-haemolytic streptococci found in urine is Aerococcus urinae, which is pathogenic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a prospective study of the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of A urinae in urine samples sent to a microbiology laboratory in Norway. RESULTS: Seven out of 27 alpha-haemolytic streptococcal isolates were A urinae. This represents 0.3% of all urine isolates from our laboratory. Appropriate methods for identification and resistance determination are described. INTERPRETATION: Microbiological laboratories should include identification of A urinae in their diagnostic repertoire. Recommended treatment against A urinae is ampicillin or nitrofurantoin.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗