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Biomedical subjects

O Ayeni

Publications and source records attributed to O Ayeni.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Clinicians' reaction to positive urine culture for Candida organisms.

Clinicians' reaction to isolating Candida organisms in urine culture (> or = 10(4) CFU ml-1) was assessed in a retrospective review of 133 consecutive in-patients (> or = 15 years-of-age) over a 5 month period. The average age was 68.8 years and male/female ratio was 0.36 (35/98). Most (78.2%) patients had an indwelling catheter, and many (35.3%) were in the intensive care unit (ICU). In response to culture-result, clinicians initiated antifungal therapy in 80 instances (60.2%). Treatment was often based on a single culture without documenting the infection (n = 53/80, 66.3%) in the absence of risk for invasive disease. Removing the indwelling-catheter was never attempted and antibiotics were rarely discontinued or modified (1.3%). Fluconazole was most frequently utilized (n = 42, 52.5%), followed by amphotericin-B bladder-irrigation (n = 26, 32.5%), and combined fluconazole/amphotericin-B bladder-irrigation (n = 12, 15%). Therapy was more frequently initiated in ICU-cases (76.6 versus 55.6%; P = 0.023) and less often in non-catheterized individuals (40.7 versus 69%; P = 0.012) and patients with 10(4) CFU ml-1 (25.9 versus 72.7%; P < 0.0001). These findings show that clinicians nowadays do not follow current guidelines for the management of candiduria. Efforts to increase clinicians' awareness of these guidelines, which are intended to confirm the diagnosis and stratify treatment according to patient risk factors, appear to be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Strain relatedness in persistent and recurrent candiduria.

PURPOSE: We assessed the value of determining strain relatedness in differentiating persistent from recurrent candiduria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective monitoring of patients with candiduria (10(4) or greater colony forming units per ml.) during a 5-month period. All patients with persistent or recurrent infection after documented clearance were selected. Pair isolates were typed using restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid with SfiI. Isolates were considered related if all deoxyribonucleic acid bands matched. RESULTS: We encountered 22 and 5 patients with persistent and recurrent infection, respectively. The isolates were recovered 1 to 140 days apart (21.56 +/- 28.97). Most patients were women (85.2%) with a mean age of 66.41 +/- 18.11 years. Risk factors included antibiotics (100%), indwelling catheter (88.9%) and diabetes mellitus (40.7%). Of 15 individuals who received antifungal therapy candiduria persisted in 10 and resolved but recurred within 4 to 26 days (13.00 +/- 9.08) after treatment in 5. Candida albicans accounted for 34 of 58 isolates (58.6%), and it was mixed with other species in 4 cultures. Paired strains were genetically identical in 26 of 27 patients. Strain persistence was documented in 21 of 22 cases with persistent infection and in all 5 patients with recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that strain persistence is exceedingly frequent in candiduria. These results imply that determining strain relatedness of Candida urinary isolates may not be reliable in differentiating persistent from recurrent infection.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The immune response of West African dwarf goats to chicken red blood cells.

West African dwarf (WAD) goats were immunized with chicken red blood cells and their antibody response assessed by direct haemagglutination. Kids of about 1 month old developed antibody titres (log2 5.63 +/- 0.69) which were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than those of adults (log2 7.78 +/- 1.12) and 3 month old kids (log2 7.40 +/- 0.89). The antibody titres of the latter did not differ significantly from those of adults. It is suggested that this early immune maturity may play a role in the hardiness of WAD goats and in their relative resistance to helminth and protozoan infection as compared with local sheep.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1986

An investigation on the influence of steroidal contraceptives on milk lipid and fatty acids in Hungary and Thailand. WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Task Force on oral contraceptives.

A double-blind clinical trial to examine the effects of oral and long-acting injectable contraceptive steroids on milk lipid and its fatty acid content has been done in Szeged, Hungary, and Khon-Kaen, Thailand. In Szeged, a combined and a progestin-only pill did not significantly alter total milk lipid. In Khon-Kaen, treatment with the combined pill was followed by a significant increase in the proportion of milk lipid. In the group treated with the long-acting injectable contraceptive, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), the milk lipid decreased significantly in the first six weeks in comparison with the control group and the individual pretreatment values. A similar but weaker effect was noticed with the progestin-only pill in Khon-Kaen. Few consistently significant differences were found in the shorter chain fatty acids (myristic, lauric and palmitic acids) during treatment. The percentage proportions were increased during the combined pill treatment in Szeged and Khon-Kaen, and reduced in DMPA and progestin-only treatment in Khon-Kaen milks. The possibility that these reflected a response to a milk volume decrease in the combined pill treatment and a reduction in milk lipid synthesis in association with DMPA and the progestin-only pill is discussed. In Khon-Kaen, linoleic acid (which is not synthesized in the body) was increased by comparison with the controls, as a percentage proportion of the fatty acids in the progestin-only and DMPA groups. Calculation of the amounts of linoleic acid per litre of milk revealed that there had been a significant decrease of linoleic, eicosadienoic, dihommo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic, docosatetraenoic acids in the w6 family and alpha-linolenic acid in the w3 family in the first two post-treatment visits (3 and 4). This reduction in essential fatty acid output follows the reduction in milk volume. In Khon-Kaen, the combined pill group showed a significant decrease compared with the controls, in the proportions of dihommo-gamma-linolenic acid. The difference in response of the mothers in Khon-Kaen and Szeged is discussed in relation to their different nutritional backgrounds.

Contraceptive Agents↗
PubMed1986

Seasonal variation of births in rural southwestern Nigeria.

A total of 12 708 live births registered between 1965 and 1975 in Igbo Ora, a rural area in southwestern Nigeria, were examined for seasonal variation using trigonometric regression analysis. The monthly number of registered births showed a significant seasonal pattern with a peak in May and corresponding minima in November. The extent of the seasonal variation above and below the annual mean was about 7%. There has been no significant shift in both the month of peak occurrence and the magnitude of the variation within the 11-year period of study. It is thought that the observed seasonal pattern may be related to climatic factors as well as sociocultural patterns of life associated with cyclical farming activities characteristic of a predominantly agricultural community.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1984

Effects of hormonal contraceptives on milk volume and infant growth. WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction Task force on oral contraceptives.

WHO conducted a three-centre study in Hungary and Thailand to evaluate the effects of hormonal contraception on lactation and infant growth. Women choosing oral contraceptives were randomly assigned to a combined oral contraceptive containing 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 150 micrograms levonorgestrel (N = 86) or a progestin-only preparation containing 75 micrograms dl-norgestrel (N = 85). Identical packaging and treatment schedules allowed double-blind observation. One-hundred-and-eleven women using no contraception or non-hormonal methods acted as controls. In the two Thai centres 59 women using depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate formed an additional comparison group. All subjects were healthy women with normal deliveries, whose infants had normal birth weights and satisfactory growth in the neonatal period. Breast milk volume was determined by pump expression using standardized procedures. Information was obtained on nursing frequency and supplementation, infant growth and morbidity. Pretreatment observations at 6 weeks post-partum were used as a baseline, and subjects were followed-up at 9, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks post-partum. Women using combined oral contraceptives had a decline in milk volume within 6 weeks of initiating treatment, whereas no significant decrease was observed in the other treatment groups. After 18 weeks of treatment, combined oral contraceptive users experienced a 41.9% decline in milk volume, compared to 12.0% with progestin-only minipills and 6.1% in the non-hormonal controls. The prevalence of complementary feeding and withdrawals due to inadequate milk supply were comparable in the four treatment groups. However, data were not available on the daily amounts of complementary feeds. There were no significant differences in growth of infants between treatment groups. Thus, women may have compensated for declines in milk volume by more supplementary feeding or by more prolonged and intense suckling episodes. We conclude that 30 micrograms estrogen-containing combined oral contraceptives impair milk secretion, but in the selected healthy group of mothers and children studied with the prevailing level of supplementary feeding, this did not adversely affect infant growth.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Heart failure in Nigerian hypertensives.

A study of 209 consecutive cases of hypertension, seen at the cardiac unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that heart failure occurred more commonly in patients who were in the low socio-economic class. All those who had a haematocrit below 30% had heart failure. The lower the serum albumin, the greater the likelihood of developing heart failure. Hypertensives who were heavy alcohol drinkers were very prone to heart failure while a significant proportion of those who had cardiomegaly or cardiomegaly with aortic unfolding on chest x-ray had heart failure. Age, sex, Hb genotype, obesity and retinal changes had no influence on the development of heart failure. It is concluded that there are other factors, besides hypertension, which precipitate heart failure in Nigerian hypertensives. This may be responsible for the high incidence of heart failure among Nigerian with hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The effects of sex, birthweight, birth order and maternal age on infant mortality in a Nigerian community.

Corrected registration returns in a rural area of Nigeria show that the average infant mortality rate during one five year period was 88.2 per 1000 per annum. The rate was 89.4 per 1000 for females, which did not differ significantly from that of 87.0 per 1000 for males. There were significant variations in the rates by maternal age and by birth order. Forty-two per cent of the infant deaths were of low birth-weight, the mortality rate among this group being approximately six times as high as for those with greater weights.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1978

Factor VIII coagulant activity in an African population in relation to a recognized standard.

The normal range of factor VIII coagulant activity (derived from log potency ratio) in some sections of the Nigerian population has been established at 0.65--5.55 iu/ml with a geometric mean of 1.90 iu/ml. This was determined against an acceptable standard (MRC Human 68/413 with activity o.66 iu/ml). The distribution of the potency ratio was log normal. The level was not affected by age or an abnormal haemoglobin (Hb A + S or A + C). The mean activity in females was significantly higher than the mean value in male subjects. With the use of a stable standard, our results show that the conclusions of some previous studies in respect of some of the parameters such as population distribution but which did not use a recognized standard, were valid. Within the age limits of our subjects, age did not affect the population level of factor VIII coagulant activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Position of the apex beat in childhood.

The position of the apex beat in relation to the midclavicular and nipples lines and the intercostal spaces was studied in 353 healthy Jamaican children from birth to 10 years. The traditional use of the midclavicular line as a reference point in relation to the apex beat is not an accurate index of normal heart size at all ages. For this purpose actual measurement of the apex beat, which ranges between 2.8 and and 5.4 cm from the midline, should be made. However, for a rough estimate of normal cardiac size the midclavicular line may be used. In contrast, the nipple line lies outside the apex beat at all ages; it should not be used in the clinical evaluation of normal cardiac size. From birth to age 3 years the apex beat is located in the 4th intercostal space and with increasing age gradually moves into the 5th space in most children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. IV. Systemic blood pressure hypertension and related features.

Two comparable rural communities but with varying endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in environs of Ibadan, Nigeria, have been studied by a total cross-sectional population survey. It has been found that:- (i) schistosomiasis does not predispose to raised blood pressure (ii) both diastolic and systolic blood pressure increase with age. (iii) prevalence of systemic hypertension is higher in females than males (iv) body weight and height are related to hypertension in both males and females (v) parity would seem to be related to hypertension in the females (vi) except in the younger female group (1--19 years) where polyuria, frontal headache, palpitations appear related to systolic hypertension, raised blood pressure would appear to have no symptoms. In particular headache in any part of the head bears no clear relationship. (vii) The majority of hypertensives would appear to belong to the primary variety but proteinuria among females has been found to be significantly related to hypertension.

Adolescent↗